Modul Grammar Basic Fix.pdf 2p6b4q

Grammar Basic

Handbook “grammar basic”

Oleh :

FEPY SISILIAY

Brilliant English course 2015 Flamboyan street no 127B, tulungrejo, pare, kediri

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

Page 1

Grammar Basic

BAB I TENSES Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja yang perubahannya tergantung waktu dan sifat kejadian. Berdasarkan waktu kejadiaan, tenses dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi empat macam : 1. Present tense

: untuk waktu yang sedang terjadi

2. Past tnse

: untuk waktu yang sudah terjadi

3. Future tense

: untuk waktu yang akan terjadi

4. Past Future tense

: untuk waktu yang akan terjadi dimasa lampau.

Sedangkan berdasarkan sifat dari kegiatan bisa dikelompokkan menjadi empat bagian

:

1. Simple tense

: untuk kegiatan yang tidak sedang dalam proses

2. Continuous tense

: untuk kegiatan yang sedang dalam proses

3. Perfect tense

: untuk kegiatan yang sudah selesai

4. Perfect Cont Tense

: untuk kegiatan yang dimulai sebelum suatu saat tertentu, dan

pada saat tertentu kegiatan masih berlangsung Sifat Waktu

Present

Past

Future

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

I eat getuk

I am eating getuk

I have eaten getuk

S + V1(s/es) S + do/does + not + V1 do/does + S + V1

S + to be + Ving S + to be + not + Ving

S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + not + V3

Tobe + S + Ving

Have/has + S + V3

I have been eating getuk S + have/has + been + Ving S + have/has + not + been + Ving Have/has + S + been + Ving

I ate getuk

I had eaten getuk

I had been eating getuk

S + had + V3 S + had + not + V3

S + had + been + Ving S + had + not + been + Ving

Did + S + V1 I will eat getuk S + will/shall + V1

I was eating getuk S + was/were + Ving S + was/were + not Ving Was/were + S + Ving I will be eating getuk S + will/shall + be + Ving

Had + S + V3 I will have eaten getuk S + will/shall + have + V3

Had + S + been + Ving I will have been eating getuk S + will/shall + have + Been + Ving

S + will/shall +

S + will/shall + not

S + will/shall + not

S + will/shall + not +

S + V2 S + did + not + V1

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic

Past Future

not + V1

+ be + Ving

+ have + V3

have + been + Ving

Will/shall + S + V1 I would eat getuk S+ would/should + V1 S+ would/should + not + V1 Would/should + S + V1

Will/shall + S + be + Ving I would be eating getuk

Will/shall + S + have + V3 I would have eateng getuk

Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving I would have been eating getuk

S + would/should + S + would/should + be + Ving have + V3

S + would/should + have + Been + Ving

S + would/should + S + would/should + S + would/should + not + not + be + Ving not + have + V3 have + been + Ving Would/should + S Would/should + S Would/should + S + + be + Ving + have + V3 have + been + Ving

1. The Simple Prsent Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatn yang biasa dilakukan berulang-ulang dan merupakan kebenaran umum. Rumus : (+) S + V1 (s/es) + O (-) S + do/does + V1 + O (?) Do/does + S + V1 + O + ? Ex : (+) She speaks English everyday (-) She does not speak English everyday (?) Does she speak English everyday? Time Signal : 

Always (selalu)



Usually (biasanya)



Every ...... (setiap ....)



Today (hari ini)



Once...... (sekali dalam .....)



Often (sering)



Seldom (jarang), etc.

2. The Present Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi pada saat dibicarakan. Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Rumus : (+) S + to be (is/am/are) + Ving + O (-) S + to be (is/am/are) + not + Ving + O (?) To be (is/am/are) + S + Ving + O + ? Ex : (+) She is speaking English now (-) She is not speaking English now (?) Is she speaking English now? Time Signal : 

Now (sekarang



At present (saat ini)



Right now (sekarang ini)



This morning (pagi ini)



At this moment (pada saat ini)

3. The Present Perfect Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sudah terjadi tanpa diketahui waktunya dan biasanya berdampak saat ini. Rumus : (+) S + have/has + V3 + O (-) S + have/has + not + V3 + O (?) Have/has + S + V3 + O Ex : (+) She has spoken English just now (-) She has not spoken English just now (?) Has she spoken English just now? Time Signal : 

Already (sudah)



…just (baru saja)



Just now (baru saja)



…yet (belum)



For…(selama)



Since…. (sejak)

4. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah sedang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu sampai sekarang. Rumus : (+) S + have/has + been + Ving + O Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic (-) S + have/has + not + been + Ving + O (?) Have/has + S + been + Ving + O + ? Ex : (+) She has been speaking English for 2 hours until now (-) She has not been speaking English for 2 hours until now (?) Has she been speaking English for 2 hours until now? Time Signal : 

For an hours until now (selama 1 jam sampai sekarang)



Since 7o’clock until now (sejak pukul 7 sampai sekarang)



For….. until now (selama….. sampai sekarang)



Since….. until now (sejak…. Sampai sekarang)

5. The Simple Past Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi diwaktu tertentu dimasa lampau. Rumus : (+) S + V2 + O (-) S + did + not + V1 + O (?) Did + S + V! + O + ? Ex : (+) She spoke English yesterday (-) She did not speak English yesterday (?) Did she speak English yesterday Time Signal : 

Yesterday (kemarin)



2 days ago (2 hari lalu)



Last year (tahun lalu)



Last….(….lalu)



This morning (tadi pagi)



….ago (…lalu)

6. The Past Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung dimasa yang lampau. Rumus : (+) S + was/were + Ving + O (-) S + was/were + not + Ving + O (?) Was/were + S + Ving + O + ? Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Ex : (+) She was speaking English at 7 o’clock yesterday (-) She was not speaking English at 7 o’clock yesterday (?) Was she speaking English at 7 o’clock yesterday? Time Signal : 

At 7 o’clock last night (pukul 7 tadi malam)



At…o’clock….

7. The Past Perfect Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sudah terjadi diwaktu lampau saat ada peristiwa lain terjadi dimasa lampau juga. Rumus : (+) S + had + V3 + O (-) S + had + not + V3 + O (?) Had + S + V3 + O + ? Ex : (+) She had spoken English (-) She had not spoken English (?) Had she spoken English? Time Signal : 

Past Perfect when Simple Past



Simple Past when Past Perfect

8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa waktu dimasa lampau ketika ada peristiwa lain yang terjadi pula dimasa lampau. Rumus : (+) S + had + been + Ving + O (-) S + had + not + been +Ving + O (?) Had + S + been + Ving + O + ? Ex : (+) She had been speaking English (-) She had not been speaking English (?) Had she been speaking English Time Signal : 

Past Perfect Continuous when Simple Past



Past Continuous : hanya sedang dilakukan



Past Perfect Continuous : sedang dilakukan selama beberapa waktu

9. The Simple Future Tense Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang dan digunakan untuk conditional sentence type I. Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + V1 + O (-) S + will/shall + not + V1 + O (?) Will/shall + S + V1 + O + ? Ex : (+) She will speak English tomorrow (-) She will not speak English tomorrow (?) Will she speak English tomorrow? Time Signal : 

Tomorrow (besok)



Next week (minggu depan)



Next time (nanti)



Later (nanti)



Next…

10.The Future Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa yang akan datang. Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + be + Ving + O (-) S + will/shall + not + be + Ving + O (?) Will/shall + S + be + Ving + O + ? Ex : (+) She will be speaking English at 7 o’clock tomorrow (-) She will not be speaking English at 7 o’clock tomorrow (?) Will she be speaking English at 7 o’clock tomorrow? Time Signal : 

At 7 o’clock tonight



At…oclock….



At…. Tomorrow morning



At the same time next week

11.The Future Perfect Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang. Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + have + V3 + O (-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + O Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic (?) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + O + ? Ex : (+) She will have spoken English (-) She will not have spoken English (?) Will she have spoken English? Time Signal : 

By…next…



By the end of this month (sampai akhir bulan ini)



By the end of…..(sampai akhir….)

12.The Future Perfect Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah sedang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu dimasa yang akan dating. Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + O (-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + Ving + O (?) Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + O + ? Ex : (+) She will have been speaking English for a week by the end of this week (-) She will not have been speaking English for a week by the end of this week (?) Will she have been speaking English for a week by the end of this week? Time Signal : 

For…by…next…



For 2 weeks by the end of this week



For…by…the end of…

13.The Simple Past Future Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan dimasa lampau tetapi batal (seharusnya dilakukan) dan digunakan untuk conditional sentence type II. Rumus : (+) S + would/should + V1 + O (-) S + would/should + not + V1 + O (?) Would/should + S + V1 + O + ? Ex : (+) She would speak English yesterday (-) She would not speak English yesterday (?) Would she speak English yesterday? Time Signal : 

Yesterday



Last night

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic

14.The Past Future Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa yang lampau tetapi batal (seharusnya sedang terjadi). Rumus : (+) S + would/should + be + Ving + O (-) S + would/should + not + be + Ving + O (?) would/should + S + be + Ving + O + ? Ex : (+) She would be speaking English (-) She would not be speaking English (?) Would she be speaking English? Time Signal : 

At 7 o’clock yesterday



At…last night



At the same time time….

15.The Past Future Perfect Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah dilakukan dimasa lampau (seharusnya telah terjadi) dan digunakan untuk conditional sentence type III. Rumus : (+) S + would/should + have + V3 + O (-) S + would/should + not + have + V3 + O (?) Would/should + S + have + V3 + O + ? Ex : (+) She would have spoken English (-) She would not have spoken English (?) Would she have spoken English? Time Signal : 

By…next…



By the end of last week



By…the end of…

16.The Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah sedang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu dimasa lampau (seharusnya telah sedang berlangsung). Rumus : (+) S + would/should + have + been + Ving + O (-) S + would/should + not + have + been + Ving + O (?) Would/should + S + have + been + Ving + O + ? Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Ex : (+) She would have been speaking English (-) She would not have been speaking English (?) Would she have been speaking English? Time Signal : 

For…by…next…



For 2 weeks by the end of last week



For…by…the end of…

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic

BAB II QUESTION WORD Cara membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan question word, yaitu : 1. QW yang menanyakan subyek, caranya : 

Ganti subyek dengan kata tanya, dengan cacatan : a. Simple Present

: V1 ditambah s/es (tanpa do/does)

b. Simple Past

: langsung V2 (tanpa did)

c. Jika ada kata bantu, pilihlah kata bantu tunggal : is, was, has, will 

Rumus umum : QW + auxiliary (tunggal) + verb….?



Examples : a. Who eats friend rice every morning? b. Who stayed in the bed until lunch time? c. Who will go to Surabaya tomorrow?

2. QW yang menanyatakan selain subyek, caranya : 

Selalu menggunakan kata bantu, dengan catatan : a. Auxiliary harus sesuai dengan subyek (am I, are you,…) b. Letakkan subyek setelah auxiliary c. Setelah auxiliary pertama jika ada beberapa auxiliary



Rumus umum : QW + auxiliary + Subject + …. + verb….?



Examples : a. What is the girl buying now? b. What do they do everyday? c. What time will we have been studying grammar?

No.

QW

Function

1.

Who (siapa)

Untuk menanyakan subyek Who will berupa orang

2.

Whom (siapa)

Examples you have

been

picking up?

Untuk menanyakan obyek Whom did he visit yesterday? berupa orang

3.

What (apa)

Untuk menanyakan subyek What has eaten a mouse? berupa benda

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic 4.

What (apa)

Untuk menanyakan obyek What will he buy tomorrow berupa benda

night? What do they do?

5.

What (apa)

Untuk menanyakan verb

6.

How (bagaimana)

Untuk menanyakan cara How did you go to Surabaya atau keadaan

last night?

7.

Where (dimana)

Untuk menanyakan tempat

Where does she usually eat?

8.

When (kapan)

Untuk menanyakan waktu

When has she taken a bath?

9.

Whose (milik siapa)

Untuk

menanyakan Whose cloth is this?

kepemilikan

dan

diikuti

oleh

dapat Whose is this book?

bendanya

(boleh jamak atau tunggal) 10.

Which (yang mana)

Untuk menanyakan pilihan Which bag do you want? dan

dapat

bendanya

diikuti (boleh

oleh Which do you like, a blue cloth jamak or a red cloth?

atau tunggal) 11.

What + noun(s)

Motor apa…

What motorcycle hit it?

Kamus-kamus apa…

What dictionaries do you want?

Sepeda motor jenis apa…

What kind of motorcycle have you bought?

12.

What time

Jam berapa…

What time is it?

13.

What date

Hari apa…

What date today?

14.

How old

Berapa umurmu..

Haow old are you?

15.

How far

Untuk menanyakan jarak

How

far

is

Pare

from

Surabaya? 16.

How long

Berapa lama…

How long have you been here?

17.

How often

Berapa sering…

How often do you go to abroad?

18.

How many times

Berapa kali..

How many times do you always eat for a day?

19.

How deep

Berapa dalam…

How deep is this well?

20.

How wide

Berapa lebar…

How wide is this street?

21.

How high

Berapa tinggi (benda)

How high is this building?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic 22.

How tall

Berapa tinggi (orang)

How tall are you?

23.

How much

Berapa harga…

How much is your bag?

24.

How many + nouns

Berapa banyak…

How many pens do you have?

25.

What color

Warna apa…

What color is your house?

26.

Why (mengapa)

Untuk menanyakan alasan

Why are you sad?

27.

How fast

Berapa kecepatan…

How fast were you driving the car?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic

BAB III MODAL AUXILIARIES Auxiliaries Verb adalah kata kerja bantu dan memainkan peranan penting untuk penguasaan bahasa Inggris baik secara aktif maupun pasif. Macam-macam axiliaries yaitu : be, am, is, are, dll, dimana untuk golongan ini telah dibahas dalam tenses. Selain kata kerja bantu yang telah dibahas dalam tenses masih banyak yang lain, yaitu : can, could, may, might, must, have to, has, to, need, dare, used to, be able to. Untuk golongan ini biasa disebut “Modal Auxilaries”. Modal

Past

Similar

Will

Would

Be going to

Shall

Should

Be going to

Can

Could

Be able to

May

Might

Be allowed to

Must

-

Have to/has to/had to

Need

-

-

Dare

-

-

Used to

-

-

Pengguaan Modal : 1. Modal tidak bisa ditambah akhiran ing atau s/es. Examples : 

I can speaking English (False) I can speak English (True)



Ana will writes a letter for her brother (False) Ana will write a letter for her brother (True)

2. Kalimat yang menggunakan modal selalu diikuti oleh bare infinitive (Verb-1 tanpa to). Solusinya dengan mengganti modal tersebut dengan similiarnya. Example : I want to can go to Surabaya (False) I want to be able to go to Surabaya (True) 3. Dalam membentuk Yes/No question kita letakkan modal di depan subyek. Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

Page 14

Grammar Basic Example : Could you help me? 4. Kalimat negative yang menggunakan modal, tinggal meletakkan not setelah modal. Example : You will not go to Singapore 5. Modal tidak boleh bertemu dengan modal lain. Solusinya dengan diganti dengan similarnya. Example : She will can speak English well (False) She will be able to speak English well (True) 6. Jika modal sendirian dapat diganti dengan similarnya. Example : Ayla must sleep in her bed (True) Ayla has to sleep in her bed (True) A. CAN a. Kemampuan (untuk present dan future) Ex : Shanaya can sing Dangdut son b. Ijin Ex : Dita can help me if she isn’t busy c. Kemungkinan Ex : Don’t forget to close the wolf, it can bite you d. Sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berarti mengalengi Ex : I can fish (Saya mengalengi ikan) e. Sebagai kata benda yang berarti kaleng Ex : Prajna buys a small can (Prajna membeli sebuah kaleng kecil) B. COULD Permintaan halus Ex : Could you help me, please? C. BE ABLE TO Digunakan sebagai pengganti can/could Ex : Aquino be able to buy a big blue house D. MAY a. Ijin agak formal Ex : May I borrow you pen, please? b. Kemungkinan Ex : It may rain tonight E. MIGHT Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic a. Ijin (untuk masa lampau) Ex : She said that I might stay at her house b. Kemungkinan (juga berlaku untuk present dan future) Ex : It might rain this afternoon F. MUST a. Keharusan Ex : You must come on time! b. Kesimpulan Ex : you look pale, you must be sick G. HAVE TO/HAS TO Have to/has to menunjukkan suatu keharusan, jadi hampir sama dengan must, bedanya : a. Must

: keharusan yang datang dari dalam diri pembicara

b. Have to

: keharusan yang disebabkan dari luar

Ex : You must go now (I wan to go to bed) c. Has to

: dipakai untuk subyek orang ketiga tunggal (He, she it. Ana, Ani)

H. HAD TO Had to adalah bentuk past dari have to, sehingga kegunaannya sama. Jika membuat reperted speech maka baik must maupun have to berubah menjadi had to. Ex : John said that I had to stop smoking I. NEED a. Kata kerja biasa yang artinya membutuhkan Ex : I need your help b. Kata kerja bantu Ex : I needn’t go to doctor Note : Perlu diingat bahwa needn’t adalah bentuk negative dari must atau have to/has to. Jadi bilamana berubah bentuk negative dari kalimat : I must go menjadi I needn’t go artinya saya tidak harus pergi I must not go artinya saya dilarang pergi J. DARE a. Digunakan dengan infinitive tanpa to (anomalous finite) 

Cukup berani melakukan sesuatu

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Ex : Dare you jump down from the top of the that wall? 

Cukup tak tahu malu melakukan sesuatu Ex : How dare he says such rude things about himself

b. Digunakan sebagai non anomalous 

Cukup berani melakukan sesuatu Ex : He didn’t dare (to) go



Menantang Ex : He dared me to jump over the stream



Menghadapi Ex : He will dare any danger

K. USED TO Used to digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lampau tetapi sekarang tidak. Ex : She used to cry when she was child She didn’t use to cry Used she to cry?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic

BAB Iv PART OF SPEECH The eight parts of speech

:

1. Noun (kata benda) a. Proper noun adalah jenis nama orang, tempat, negara, dll. Contoh : Mohammad, Indonesia, Sunday, etc. b. Common noun adalah nama kelompok atau jenis benda, perbuatan, gagasan (kata umum). Contoh : boy, chair, conversation, communication, etc. c. Material noun adalah benda bahan-bahan baku (zat). Contoh : fish, stone, cement, sand, etc. d. Collective noun adalah nama benda kumpulan/kelompok. Contoh : people, family, couple, stc. e. Abstract noun adalah kata benda abstrak. Contoh : beuty, honesty, kindness, etc. Noun juga dapat digolongkan menurut jumlah bendanya, yaitu : a. Countable noun (benda yang dapat dihitung) Countable noun hampir selalu mempunyai tunggal dan jamak, dan dapat diikuti dengan kata-kata seperti one, two, a few, dan many. Hampir semua kata benda untuk countable noun mempunyai akhir jamak atau “es”. b. Uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung) Uncountable noun hanya mempunyai satu bentuk, dan bentuk ini biasanya membutuhkan kata kerja tunggal dan dapat diikuti dengan kata-kata seperti much, a little, some, dll. Contoh : water, milk, rice, money, honey, etc. 2. Prounoun (kata ganti) Pronoun dapat dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa tipe, yaitu : a. Personal pronoun (kata ganti orang) b. Possessive pronoun (kata ganti kepunyaan) c. Reflexive pronoun (kata ganti mandiri) d. Demonstrative prounoun (kata ganti penunjuk) e. Interrogative prounoun (kata ganti penanya) f. Relative prounoun (kata ganti penghubung) 

Demontrative Pronoun

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic a. This, these, that, those Contoh :This is my book and that is yours This/these : digunakan jika bendanya dekat dengan pembicara That/those :: digunakan jika benda jauh dari pembicara. b. One, ones Contoh : I like only red one but she likes those green ones. One : untuk menggantikan benda keadaan tunggal Ones : untuk menggantikan benda keadaan jamak c. Another, the other, others, the others Contoh : I don’t like this pen, I want another Another untuk menggantikan benda tunggal tak tentu The other untuk menggantikan benda tunggal tertentu Others menggantikan benda jamak tak tentu The others menggantikan benda jamak tertenru d. Some, any, all Contoh : she aks me for some flowers but I don’t have any 

Interrogative pronoun Interrogative prounoun adalah kata ganti yang dipakai untuk mengajukan pertanyaan. Terdiri dari what, who, where, when, how, dll.



Relative pronoun Relative pronoun adalah kata ganti penghubung dengan arti yang dan menggunakan kata-kata who, whom, which, whose, that, dll. Contoh : The man is my father. He loves me so much. The man who loves me so much is my father

3. Verb Verb (kata kerja) yang berkaitan dengan obyek digolongkan menjadi tiga tipe : a. Transitive verb yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan obyek dalam kalimat aktif. Misalnya : buy, borrow, bring, dll. Contoh : She buys a book b. Intransitive verb yaitu kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan obyek. Misalnya : go, come, arrive, stay, dll. Misalnya : they will come here tomorrow morning

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Grammar Basic c. Linking verb yaitu kata kerja yang tidak menjelaskan adanya kegiatan. Misalnya : be (is, am, are, was, were), become, seem, dll. Misalnya : You are my friend My elder brother became an engineer in 2013 4. Adjective Adjective adalah kata sifat yang selalu menerangkan kata benda. Adjective dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu : a. Limiting adjective (LA) : adjective yang menjelaskan Head dengan cara membatasi. Anggotanya yaitu : 1. Article (kata sandang) 

Definite article (article yang jelas) misalnya “the” yang bermakna “itu”.



Indefinite article (article yang tidak jelas) misalnya “a” atau “an” yang bermakna “se”. “a” biasanya diikuti suara konsonan, sedangkan “an” diikuti suara vocal/vowel.

Examples : I have a book. The book is expensive. (Saya punya sebuah buku. Harganya mahal) 2. Demonstrative acjective Yaitu kata tunjuk yang berfungsi sebagai adjective. Anggotanya adalah : 

Singular

: that, this



Plural

: those, these

Example : That is expensive (Itu mahal) 3. Possessive (kepemilikan) Possessive adjective merupakan kata sifat yang berkaitan dengan milik. Contohnya : It is my book Her house is big 4. Indefinite quantity Menyatakan jumlah yang belum jelas. 

Banyak

: many (plural), much (uncountable noun)



Sedikit

: few (plural), little (uncountable noun)



Beberapa

: some (plural and uncountable noun), any (plural and

uncountable noun), several (plural) 

Setiap

: every (singular), each (singular)

Examples : Some crocodiles (beberapa buaya) Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Little salt (sedikit garam) 5. Numeral (bilangan angka) 

Ordinal number (bilangan bertingkat) misalnya : first, second, third, fourth, etc.



Cardinal number (bilangan pokok/biasa) misalnya : one, two, three, four, etc.

b. Descriptive adjective (DA) : kata sifat yang mengganbarkan keadaan, sifat seseorang, benda mati, atau binatang. 1. Character (sifat) : kind, cruel, arrogant, patient, etc. 2. Quality (kualitas) : smart, stupid, expensive, handsome, etc. 3. Size (ukuran)

: tall, short, big, thin, small, large, etc.

4. Age (umur)

: old, young, new, ancient, etc.

5. Temperature (suhu) : hot, cold, warm, cool, etc. 6. Shape (bentuk)

: oval, square, triangular, round, etc.

7. Colour (warna)

: red, yellow, green, blue, etc.

8. Nationality (kebangsaan) : Indonesian, Japanese, Chinese, etc. Pola Noun Phrase

:

LA1-5 + DA1-8 + Noun 5. Adverb Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang fungsinya meneragkan verb, adjective, preposition, conjunction other adverb. Adverb tidak dipakai untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun. Misalnya : We study English seriously. Adverb dikelompokkan menjadi lima golongan, yaitu : 1. Simple Adverb, dibagi menjadi lima : a. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat) Misalnya : here, there, somewhere, anywhere, etc. b. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) Misalnya : slowly, quickly, well, hard, etc. c. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu) Misalnya : now, tomorrow, yesterday, next week, etc. d. Adverb of degree (keterangan tingkat) Misalnya : almost, very, too, rather, etc. e. Adverb of reason (keterangan alasan) Misalnya : why, therefore, thus, due to, etc. Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Note : Tidak semua yang berakhiran “ly adalah adverb. Misalnya : lovely (yang disayangi), friendly (ramah), weekly (mingguan), etc. merupakan adjective. 2. Interrogative adverb untuk menanyakan : a. Time

: When did you understand English?

b. Place

: Where are you going?

c. Manner

: How will you go to Mecca?

d. Degree

: How is this coffee? (too hot)

e. Reason

: Why are you absent?

3. Relative adverb sama bentuknya dengan Interrogative Adverb, hanya saja Relative Adverb sebagai kata ganti penghubung. Misalnya : I don’t know where Anton lives Let me know she will set out 6. Preposition Preposition adalah kata yang diletakkan didepan/sebelum kata benda atau kata ganti yang menghubungkan dengan bagian kalimat. Seperti : on, in, at, under, etc. 7. Conjunction Conjunction adalah kata penghubung Misalnya : and, not only… but also…, although, etc. 8. Interjection Interjection adalah kata seru dan ini berdiri sendiri dan tidak termasuk bagian dari kata yang menggabung di sebuah kalimat. Contoh : What a pity! Dear me! My good! Ah!

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Grammar Basic

BAB v QUESTION tag Question tag adalah bentuk pertanyaan pendek (singkat) yang diletakkan diakhir kalimat (statement). Fungsinya untuk meminta penegasan tentang sesuatu yang diragukan. Secara garis besar, terdapat beberapa aturan untuk membuat question tag, yaitu : 1. Jika statement berupa positif, maka tag-nya berupa negative Ex : You are my friend, aren’t you? 2. Jika statement berupa negative, maka tag-nya berupa positif Ex : It is not hot, is it? 3. Negative tag harus disingkat Ex : Is not

Isn’t

Are not

Aren’t not

Will not

Won’t

Was not

Wasn’t

Were not

Weren’t

Did not

Didn’t

Should not

Shouldn’t

Would not

Wouldn’t

4. Khusus am not yang tidak bisa disingkat, harus diganti aren’t Ex : I am your friend, aren’t I? 5. Kata-kata yang mengandung arti negative, menggunakan positif tag. Kata-kata tersebut misalnya : Seldom

Never

Scarcely

Rarely

Hardly

Few

Little

No one

Unusual

Absent

Nothing

impossible

Ex : She seldom visits her grandmother, does she? Little water is in the glass, is it?

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Grammar Basic 6. Jika kata few dan little menggunakan positif tag, berbeda dengan a few dan a little yang menggunakan negative tag. Ex : A few people came here, didn’t they? A little progress has been made, hasn’t it? 7. Apabila kata kerja pada statement adalah bentuk simple tense dari to be atau have (yang artinya mempunyai) bentuk tense itu juga digunakan pada tag. Ex : My father has a beautiful new blue car, hasn’t he? She looks tired, doesn’t she? They didn’t know you, did they? 8. Apabila dalam kalimat menggunakan modal auxiliary, maka tag nya juga menggunakan modal auxiliary. Ex : We will go to Bali next year, won’t we? She can’t help me, can she? 9. Apabila statement berbentuk perfect tense, maka tag nya juga menggunakan perfect(have, has, had). Ex : They have done their homework, haven’t they? She had had breakfast, hadn’t she? 10. Adverb only boleh menggunakan positif tag maupun negative tag. Ex : There are only twenty students here, are there? There are only twenty students here, aren’t there?

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Grammar Basic

BAB vI Degree of comparison The degree of comparison adalah tingkat perbandingan yang sering kita jumpai dalam bahasa tulis maupun percakapan. The degree of comparison ini dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu : 1. Positive degree (tingkat setara) 2. Comparative degree (tingkat lebih) 3. Superlative degree (tingkat paling/ter) Examples

:

1. Positive degree Amir is as old as I am (Amir seusia/sebaya dengan saya) 2. Comparative degree Bill work harder than Joe Sanders (Bill bekerja lebih keras daripada Joe Sanders) 3. Superlative degree Mohammad SAW is the best human being (Nabi Muhammad adalah manusia terbaik) Positive

Comparative

Yang terdiri dari satu suku Ditambah r/er :

Superlative Ditambah est/t :

kata : Rich

Richer

Richest

Slow

Slower

Slowest

Fat

Fatter

Fatest

Hot

Hotter

Hottest

Large

Larger

Largest

Big

Bigger

Biggest

Dua suku kata tapi diakhiri Ditambah r/er

Ditambah st/est

oleh er/le/y/ow/some Clever

Cleverer

Cleverest

Simple

Simpler

Simplest

Happy

Happier

Happiest

Narrow

Narrower

Narrowest

Handsome

Handsomer

Handsomest

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Grammar Basic Noble

Nobler

Yang lebih dari dua suku Ditambah more :

Noblest Ditambah most :

kata atau lebih : Stupid

More stupid

Most stupid

Beautiful

More beautiful

Most beautiful

Delicious

More delicious

Most delicious

Interesting

More interesting

Most interesting

Useful

More useful

Most useful

Famous

More famous

Most famous

Tak teratur :

Tak teratur :

Tak teratur :

Good

Better

Best

Bad/ill

Worse

Worst

Little

Less

Least

Many/much

More

Most

Old

Older/elder

Oldesr/eldest

Near

Nearer

Nearest/next

Hind

Hinder

Hindmost

Fore

Former

Foremost

1. Positive Degree As + Positive + as Examples : a. I am twenty year old Dika is twenty year old Answer : I am as old as Dika b. Nita is as diligent as Kira 2. Camparative Degree Comparative + than Examples : a. Rista is beautiful Vita is not good looking Answer : Rista is more beautiful than Vita b. Kiki is cleverer than Abil

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Grammar Basic 3. Superlative Degree The + Supertalive Examples : a. They are the most diligent student in their school b. ive voice is the most difficult lesson

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Grammar Basic

BAB vII Conditional sentence Conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian yang terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu Main clause dan If clause. If clause berisi syarat/kondisi yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan yang terdapat dalam Main Clause bisa terwujud. Dalam Conditional Sentence ada tiga tipe, yaitu : a. Type I

: Future Possible

b. Type II

: Present Unreal

c. Type III

: Past Unreal

Penjelasan

:

1. Type I (Future Possible) Berfungsi untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang besar kemungkinannya terwujud karena syaratnya terpenuhi. If + Simple Present, + Simple Future Examples : a. If I have much money, I will buy that car (Jika saya punya banyak uang, saya akan membeli mobil itu) b. If you study hard, you will be success (Jika kamu belajar dengan giat, kamu akan sukses) 2. Type II (Present Unreal) 

Berfungsi untuk mengandaikan sesuatu keadaan yang berlawanan/bertentangan dengan kenyataan sekarang. If + Simple Past, + Simple Past Future Examples

:

a. If I had wings, I would fly (kenyataan anda tidak punya sayap) b. If you did not study hard, you would not the exam (kenyataan anda sekarang belajar) 

Mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak sesuatu yang tidak diharapkan kejadiannya dalam If Clause Example

: If a burglar came to my house tonight, I would catch him (Tapi kita

tidak berharap seorang maling datang) Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

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Grammar Basic Note

: Jika If Clause merupakan kalimat positif, maka kenyataan/fakta yang

sebenarnya berupa statement/kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya. 3. Type III (Past Unreal) Berfungsi untuk menunjukkan penyesalan dimasa lampau dan tidak mungkin terjadi dimasa sekarang. If + Past Perfect, + Past Future Perfect Examples : a. If they had been here, they would have gotten it (kenyataan mereka tidak berada disini) b. If I had driven a car carefully, I would have gotten an accident (kenyataan anda sekarang tidak mengendarai mobil dengan hati-hati) Note

: Jika If Clause merupakan kalimat positif, maka kenyataan/fakta yang

sebenarnya berupa statement/kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya. Kata-kata yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti “If”, yaitu : 1. Unless (Jika tidak) Unless dipakai untuk keseluruhan tipe Example : If you don’t study, you will not the exam Unless you study, you will not the exam 2. But for (Jika tidak karena) But for biasanya dipakai untuk tipe II dan tipe III Example : If she didn’t meet you, she wouldn’t come here But for you, she wouldn’t come here 3. Provide that (Asalkan) Provide that dipakai untuk tipe II saja Example : If you go home soon, You can go to the movie Provide that you go home soon, you can go to the movie 4. Suppose/Supposing (Bagaimana jika…?/What if…?) Suppose ini bisa dipakai untuk keseluruhan tipe. Dengan kata lain, suppose sendiri sama dengan “If” = seandainya. Example : What if he loves you? Suppose he love you? Supposing you didn’t have any money las night?

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Grammar Basic

BAB viII IVE VOICE ive voice (kalimat pasif) yaitu kalimat yang obyeknya dikenai pekerjaan. Pola dasar yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif yaitu :

To be + V3 Aturan-aturan merubah kalimat dari bentuk aktif menjadi pasif 1. Kalimat harus mempunyai obyek (transitive verb). Jika tidak ada obyek maka harus ada question word yang menanyakan obyek 2. Obyek kalimat aktif menjadi subyek kalimat pasif 3. Subyek kalimat aktif menjadi obyek kalimat pasif yang didahului kata “by” 4. Kata kerja yang dipakai adalah V3 yang didahului “to be” 5. Susunan kalimat disesuaikan dengan tenses

1. The Present ive Voice Active

ive

S

Do/does + V1

Is/am/are + V3

C

Is/am/are + Ving

Is/am/are +being + V3

P

Have/has + V3

Have/has + been + V3

PC

Have/has + been + Ving

Have/has + been + being + V3

Example

:

a. Simple Present 

She writes a letter

: A letter is written by her



She does not write a letter

: A letter is not written by her



Does she write a letter?

: Is a letter written by her?



What does she writer?

: what is written by her?

b. Present Continuous 

He is buying a car

: A car is being bought by him



Who is buying a car

: Whom is a car being bought by?

c. Present Perfect 

She has seen them

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

: They have been seen by her Page 30

Grammar Basic 

Where has she seen them

: Where have they been seen by her?

d. Present Perfect Continuous 

She has been drinking water

: Water has been being drunk by her

2. Past ive Voice Active

ive

S

Did/V2

Was/were + V3

C

Was/were + Ving

Was/were + being + V3

P

Had + V3

Had + been + V3

PC

Had + been + Ving

Had + been + being + V3

Examples

:

a. Simple Past They spoke English

: English was spoken by them

b. Past Continuous What were they speaking

: What was being spoken by them

c. Past Perfect How had they spoken English?

: How had English been spoken by them?

d. Present Perfect Continuous She had been cooking rice

: Rice had been being cooked by her

3. Future ive Voice Active

ive

S

Will/shall + V1

Will/shall + be + V3

C

Will/shall + be + Ving

Will/shall + be + being + V3

P

Will/shall + have + V3

Will/shall + have + been + V3

PC

Will/shall + have + been + Ving

Will/shall + have + been + being + V3

a. Simple Future I shall see you

: You will be seen by me

b. Future Continuous He will be meeting you

: You will be being met by him

c. Future Perfect Who will have helped me

: By whom shall I have been helped?

d. Present Perfect Continuous She will have been singing a song

Fepy Sisiliay (2015)

: A song will have been being sung by her

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Grammar Basic

4. Past Future ive Voice Active

ive

S

Would/should + V1

Would/should + be + V3

C

Would/should + be + Ving

Would/should + be + being + V3

P

Would/should + have + V3

Would/should + have + been + V3

PC

Would/should + have + been + Ving

Would/should + have + been + being + V3

Examples

:

a. Simple Past Future I would call you

: You would be called by me

b. Past Future Continuous Should I be visiting you

: Would you be being visited by me?

c. Past Future Perfect I would have read a book

: A book would have been read by us

d. Past Future Perfect Continuous We would have been reading a book

: A song would have been being sung by her

5. Modal Auxiliary ive Voice Active

ive

Can/could

Can/could

May/might

May/might

Must/had to

+ V1

Must/had to

Will/would

Will/would

Shall/Should

Shall/should

Have to/had to Examples :

+ be + V3

Have to/had to

a. She can speak English

: English can be spoken by her

b. He will buy a book

: A book will be bought by him

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Grammar Basic

BIBLIOGRAPHIES Akhlis, Nur. 2013. A Simple English Usage. Kediri : Effective English Conversation Course (EECC). Azar, Betty Schramper. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar Second Edition. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall. Hadi, S. English Map Concept. Kediri : Beswan. Indayatun, Sri, S.Pd. 2002. The Relative Pronoun, The Gerund, The Participle, At Glance. Kediri : BEC. Shouman, Ibnu. 2013. Describing Picture Handbook. Kediri : Basic English Course (BEC). Slamet, Hadi. 2003. Undang-Undang Tenses. Kediri : Basic English Course (BEC).

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