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1. Multiple Choice: A Pasteur flask has a(n)
Points: 10
Success: 147 questions added as a copy. Question Answer
A Pasteur flask has a(n) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask. double neck so two substances may be added at the same time. secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage. inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.
2. Multiple Choice: A colony on a Petri plate arises from... Question Answer
Points: 5
A colony on a Petri plate arises from a single cell. How many cells does a typical bacterial colony contain? 101 103 105 107
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider that bacterial cells are very small and only very large numbers of cells can be seen by the naked eye.
3. Multiple Choice: A microbial cell's membrane is consid... Question Answer
Points: 10
A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment. differential microselective rigid semipermeable
4. Multiple Choice: A pure culture Question Answer
A pure culture is sterile.
Points: 10
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is a population of identical cells. is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. contains one microbial cell.
5. True/False: According to our present understandin... Question Answer
Points: 10
According to our present understanding, each of the three major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor. True False
6. Multiple Choice: All life on Earth can be divided into... Question Answer
Points: 5
All life on Earth can be divided into three main Domains, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya, based on the similarities of their __________. ribosomal RNA cell nuclei DNA cell structures
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
7. True/False: All microorganisms require molecular ... Question Answer
Points: 10
All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions. True False
8. Multiple Choice: Although the existence of microorgani... Question Answer
Points: 5
Although the existence of microorganisms was surmised long before, their discovery depended upon a technological development (the microscope) in order for scientists to __________. construct meaningful hypotheses concerning microbial activities make direct observations of microbes synthesize meaningful theories about the roles of microbes in disease publish their results
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
9. Multiple Choice: An ecosystem includes ________ along ... Question Answer
An ecosystem includes ________ along with ________. macroorganisms / microorganisms living organisms / their chemical and physical environments pathogenic organisms / non-pathogenic organisms single celled organisms / multi-cellular organisms
Points: 10
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10. Essay: An investigator attempting to replica...
Points: 0
Question
An investigator attempting to replicate Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment has boiled a hay infusion for 1 hour. However, she observes growth in the flask after 1 day (even when undisturbed). What is the likely explanation for this result?
Answer
The most likely explanation is that bacterial endospores were present in the sample. Some soil bacteria (like Bacillus subtilis) produce heat-resistant endospores. Vegetative microbial cells are rapidly killed by boiling. However, the endospores are able to survive extended exposure to high temperatures. Once the culture temperature drops, the surviving endospores will germinate and begin to multiply in the culture medium.
11. Multiple Choice: Applied microbiology deals with impor... Question Answer
Points: 10
Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in medicine. agriculture. industry. medicine, agriculture, and industry.
12. Multiple Choice: Approximately two billion years ago, ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth. algae Archaea cyanobacteria purple sulfur bacteria
13. Multiple Choice: Archaea and Bacteria are unified as p... Question Answer
Points: 10
Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain, such as golgi. membranes nuclei membrane-enclosed organelles nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles
14. Multiple Choice: Bacillus anthracis deficient in its a... Question Answer
Points: 10
Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to chemotax towards growth substrates. create vessicles. form endospores. grow without additional supplemented nutrients.
15. Multiple Choice: Bacteria can have positive, neutral, ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Bacteria can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on humans and other macroorganisms. Which of the following would be a negative association? cellulose degraders in the cow rumen nitrogen fixing bacteria in a soybean root
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sulfur oxidizing bacteria in soil Salmonella bacteria in the human gut
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
16. Essay: Based upon the properties of life, do...
Points: 0
Question
Based upon the properties of life, do you think that viruses are alive or not? What evidence s your opinion?
Answer
Most scientists regard viruses as nonliving entities. Although they are able to reproduce and their genetic material may evolve over time, they require the host cell’s machinery to do so. In addition, viruses lack their own metabolism and protein synthesis machinery, are not motile, and neither communicate nor differentiate during growth. Furthermore, viruses are acellular microbes. All known living organisms are composed of cells.
17. Multiple Choice: Basic microbiology can be used to Question Answer
Points: 10
Basic microbiology can be used to probe the fundamental processes of life. study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms. model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans. probe the fundamental processes of life, study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms, and model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans.
18. Multiple Choice: Bioremediation ________ by introducin... Question Answer
Points: 10
Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants. accelerates the natural cleanup process exploits genetic exchange mechanisms invokes microbial evolution uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms
19. True/False: Both environmental conditions and nut... Question Answer
Points: 10
Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community. True False
20. Multiple Choice: Chemolithotrophy involves Question Answer
Points: 10
Chemolithotrophy involves oxidation of organic compounds. oxidation of inorganic compounds. reduction of organic compounds. metabolic autotrophy.
21. Essay: Compare and contrast the functions mi...
Points: 10
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Question
Compare and contrast the functions microbes serve in the digestive systems of both humans and rumens (e.g., cattle).
Answer
Answers will vary but should focus on humans having a high cell localized density in the colon (large intestine), whereas rumens have higher microbial populations in the rumen. Microbes in both systems aid in digestion and improve nutrition/health of the host.
22. Essay: Compare and contrast the leading caus...
Points: 10
Question
Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes of death today. What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes that are evident?
Answer
Answers will vary, but a focus should be that pathogens that killed people in the early 1900s are now treatable due to knowledge learned from microbiologists.
23. Essay: Compare and contrast the works of Lou...
Points: 10
Question
Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in of both applied and basic science.
Answer
Answers will vary, but should highlight the differences between basic scientific research in which fundamental ideas are discovered opposed to the usage of microbiological principles to solve larger questions. Examples of Pasteur's basic science contributions are his work showing that fermentation was mediated by microorganisms and the preferential metabolism of particular optical isomers by microbes. Pasteur also applied his ideas to develop sterilization techniques. Robert Koch focused more on the application of microbiology to identify the cause of tuberculosis by developing pure culturing techniques and the four postulates to link microbes to a disease.
24. Multiple Choice: Consider the following two statements... Question
Answer
Points: 5
Consider the following two statements about microorganisms and their environments: I. Aerobic organisms maintain oxygen in their environment. II. Some microorganisms consume the waste products of another population as nutrients. Only statement I is correct. Only statement II is correct. Both statements I and II are correct. Neither statement I nor II is correct.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The interplay of organisms in the environment is complex and dynamic.
25. Multiple Choice: Consider the following two statements... Question Answer
Points: 5
Consider the following two statements: I) Ecosystems are influenced by microbial activities. II) Microbial ecosystems remain constant over time. Only statement I is correct. Only statement II is correct. Both statements I and II are correct. Neither statement I nor II is correct.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider the major impact microorganisms have on the environment.
26. Multiple Choice: Consider the following two statements... Question Answer
Points: 5
Consider the following two statements: I. Most bacterial species cause disease. II. Infectious diseases are the leading causes of death in the United States today. Only statement I is correct. Only statement II is correct. Both statements I and II are correct. Neither statement I nor II is correct.
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Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Most microbes are beneficial, rather than harmful.
27. Multiple Choice: Control of infectious diseases curren... Question Answer
Points: 5
Control of infectious diseases currently is the result of all of the following EXCEPT __________. increased understanding of disease processes the use of antimicrobial agents eradication of hundreds of pathogens improved sanitary and public health practices
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider in your answer all of the health initiatives implemented in the 21st century.
28. Multiple Choice: Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria bot... Question Answer
Points: 10
Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the ________ are capable of releasing ________. cyanobacteria / organic compounds cyanobacteria / oxygen purple bacteria / organic compounds purple bacteria / oxygen
29. Multiple Choice: Deduce why viruses are excluded from ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA-based tree of life. Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA. Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced. They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons. They lack ribosomal RNA.
30. Essay: Describe beneficial and harmful ways ...
Points: 10
Question
Describe beneficial and harmful ways in which microorganisms interact with agricultural crops.
Answer
Certain microbes are beneficial to crops when they produce nutrients (e.g., NH4+, SO42-) usable by a crop from a substrate that was unusable. Other microbes can cause diseases in plants, much like pathogens cause disease in humans.
31. Essay: Describe two capabilities of microbes...
Points: 10
Question
Describe two capabilities of microbes that exemplify their dynamic nature.
Answer
Answers could possibly include cell-cell communication, ability to move (motility), ability to differentiate, and exchange of materials (any two).
32. Multiple Choice: Determine which outcome is LEAST like... Question Answer
Determine which outcome is LEAST likely for a microorganism being motile. avoidance of predation by bacteriovores maintaining osmotic balance within a salt gradient movement towards growth substrates
Points: 10
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transfer of plasmids to progeny
33. Multiple Choice: Developments in the fields of immunol... Question Answer
Points: 10
Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of Sergei Winogradsky. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Joseph Lister. Robert Koch.
34. Multiple Choice: Differential selection and reproducti... Question Answer
Points: 10
Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called cellular differentiation. evolution. growth. transformation.
35. True/False: Differentiation occurs only in multic... Question Answer
Points: 10
Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms. True False
36. Essay: Explain how you would use Robert Koch...
Points: 10
Question
Explain how you would use Robert Koch's postulates to determine that Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat").
Answer
Answers will vary but will need to detail how S. pyogenes will be subjected to all four postulates.
37. Essay: Explain the nature and function of an...
Points: 10
Question
Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture.
Answer
Answers will vary, but an enrichment culture uses media, chemicals, or culture conditions to select for or encourage the growth of organisms with specific characteristics. An answer could describe providing only carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to select for autotrophs, for example.
38. Essay: Explain why infectious diseases are m...
Points: 10
Question
Explain why infectious diseases are much less lethal in developed countries than in underdeveloped countries.
Answer
Answers will vary but should emphasize ways in which increased knowledge about microbial pathogenesis has influenced preventative care (e.g., sanitation) and treatment (e.g., antimicrobial drugs).
39. Essay: Explain why microbial cells are excel...
Points: 10
Question
Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms.
Answer
Answers will vary but should include commonality of function, biochemical and genetic similarities, and ease and speed with which they can be grown in large quantities.
40. Essay: Explain why only anaerobic bacteria i... Question
Explain why only anaerobic bacteria inhabited Earth for the first two billion years of its existence.
Points: 10
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Answer
The key idea is an anoxic environment will not allow aerobic organisms to survive.
41. Multiple Choice: Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ________ the idea to use agar as a solidifying agent. Louis Pasteur Ferdinand Cohn Robert Koch Sergei Winogradsky
42. Multiple Choice: Groups of cells derived from a single... Question Answer
Points: 10
Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successive cell divisions are known as microbial ________ and which live in environments known as microbial ________. communities / habitats communities / ecosystems populations / habitats populations / ecosystems
43. Essay: How would the presence of endospores ...
Points: 10
Question
How would the presence of endospores in Louis Pasteur's nutrient solutions have affected his conclusions about spontaneous generation?
Answer
Answers will vary, but ultimately this could have confounded Pasteur if the endospores sometimes went into a vegetative growth phase and other times no growth was observed.
44. Multiple Choice: In what/which domain(s) of life i... Question Answer
Points: 10
In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
45. Multiple Choice: Koch's postulates cannot always be us... Question Answer
Points: 5
Koch's postulates cannot always be used to satisfy __________. lethal infectious diseases that only occur in humans any lethal infectious diseases infectious diseases that are caused by viruses infectious diseases that are caused by fungi
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider the limitations of culturing some microbes in a laboratory setting.
46. Multiple Choice: Like all forms of life on Earth, all ... Question
Like all forms of life on Earth, all microbial cells perform three major types of activities: __________.
Points: 5
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Answer
metabolism, growth, and evolution metabolism, growth, and genetic exchange growth, differentiation, and metabolism growth, genetic exchange, and evolution
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
47. Essay: List three contributions of Ferdinand...
Points: 10
Question
List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to the development of microbiology.
Answer
Answers could possibly include: founding bacteriology as a separate science, studying Beggiatoa, discovering the genus Bacillus (along with its endospore formation and its life cycle), and devising methods to prevent contamination.
48. Multiple Choice: Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s... Question Answer
Points: 10
Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for anthrax. fowl cholera. rabies. anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
49. Multiple Choice: Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for all of the following diseases EXCEPT __________. smallpox anthrax rabies fowl cholera
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider only those vaccines developed by Pasteur.
50. Multiple Choice: Louis Pasteur's most famous success w... Question Answer
Points: 10
Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. the rabies vaccine. optical isomers. cultivation of E. coli.
51. Multiple Choice: Major classes of macromolecules prese... Question Answer
Major classes of macromolecules present in all living microorganisms include amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, and ribosomes.
Points: 10
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genes, proteins, and vitamins. inorganic and organic compounds.
52. Multiple Choice: Martinus Beijerinck was the first to ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate green algae. certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria. certain sulfate-reducing bacteria. green algae, certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria, and certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.
53. True/False: Metabolism is a unifying characterist... Question Answer
Points: 10
Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms. True False
Points: 5
54. Multiple Choice: Microbes evolve specific traits that ... Question
Answer
Microbes evolve specific traits that increase their fitness in specific environments. Martinus Beijerinck developed the enrichment culture technique to isolate microbes from complex natural samples, like soil and water, by manipulating the __________. organism’s genes medium to be either a solid or a liquid oxygen content of the culture culture conditions and nutrients
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
55. Multiple Choice: Microbes playing a role in nitrogen f... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________. rumens / nodules nodules / rumens nodules / fortrans fortrans / rumens
56. Essay: Microbes were first formally observed...
Points: 10
Question
Microbes were first formally observed during the mid-1600s, but the cell theory was not enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's time.
Answer
Answers will vary, but a theme should be the lack of powerful microscopy tools. Without sufficient microscopes individual cells could not be seen, but the activities of microorganisms could be observed, such as the production of ethanol in Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation.
57. Multiple Choice: Microbial biochemistry involves the d... Question Answer
Microbial biochemistry involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform.
Points: 10
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biomolecules / functions enzymes / catalyses metabolic pathways / reactions biomolecules, enzymes, and metabolic pathways / functions
58. Multiple Choice: Microbial cells first evolved on Eart... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately ________ billion years ago. 1.6 to 1.8 3.8 to 3.9 5.4 to 5.6 7.0 to 7.2
59. Multiple Choice: Microbial control in wastewaters woul... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of microbial genetics. aquatic microbiology. medical microbiology. bacterial energetics.
60. Multiple Choice: Microbial ecology is the study of Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial ecology is the study of microbial processes in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth. the diversity and activities of microorganisms. the grouping and classifying of microorganisms. microorganisms in their natural environments.
61. Multiple Choice: Microbial sterilization is used to Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial sterilization is used to decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. kill all microbes in or on objects. clean a work area.
62. Multiple Choice: Microorganisms play key roles in the ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of carbon. nitrogen.
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sulfur. carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
63. True/False: Most microorganisms are pathogenic. Question Answer
Points: 10
Most microorganisms are pathogenic. True False
64. Multiple Choice: Most prokaryotic cells reside Question Answer
Points: 10
Most prokaryotic cells reside on Earth's surface. in lakes, rivers, and oceans. in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals). in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
65. Multiple Choice: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very di... Question Answer
Points: 10
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult to stain because of the presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. location of the DNA within the cell. large amounts of a waxy lipid present in its cell wall. lack of a cell wall.
66. Essay: Name at least three limitations of Ko...
Points: 0
Question
Name at least three limitations of Koch’s postulates that might limit their ability to identify the causative agent of a microbial disease.
Answer
Some microbial pathogens may be carried asymptomatically by individuals. For example, MRSA affects immunocompromised people but not healthy people. Some microbes cannot be cultivated in pure culture on laboratory media. For example, Mycobacterium leprae cannot be grown on any known laboratory medium today. Animal models of microbial infections are not available for some pathogens, and direct infection of human volunteers is not practical.
67. Essay: Not all microbes are pathogens! Give ...
Points: 0
Question
Not all microbes are pathogens! Give four examples of food or beverages at the grocery store that involve microorganisms.
Answer
There are a wide variety of examples of microbially produced foodstuffs. Here is a brief list of candidates: beer, wine, distilled alcohols, yogurt, kefir, blue cheese, sourdough bread, raised breads, cheese, salami, sauerkraut, tempeh, miso, and soy sauce.
68. True/False: Not only do some microorganisms toler... Question Answer
Points: 10
Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth. True False
69. Multiple Choice: Of the following evolutionary milesto... Question Answer
Points: 5
Of the following evolutionary milestones, which occurred earlier than oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere? appearance of shelled invertebrates
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development of algal diversity appearance of eukaryotes origin of cyanobacteria
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The evolution of these “simple” organisms was necessary for oxygen to be released and create Earth’s atmosphere.
Points: 5
70. Multiple Choice: Pasteur’s experiments refuting ... Question Answer
Pasteur’s experiments refuting the theory of spontaneous generation were crucial to the advancement of the field of microbiology because they led to the development of all EXCEPT which of the following? optical isomers food preservation the germ theory of disease sterile technique
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
71. Multiple Choice: Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood. Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been ed. His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation. Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation. Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged.
72. Multiple Choice: Protein catalysts involved in the acc... Question Answer
Points: 10
Protein catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called catalytic converters. growth agents. evolutionary molecules. enzymes.
73. Essay: Provide evidence ing the state...
Points: 10
Question
Provide evidence ing the statement that an ecosystem is controlled by microbial activities.
Answer
Answers will vary, but one example could be oxygen depletion, where a loss of oxygen would then favor anaerobic microorganisms.
74. Multiple Choice: Regarding early life on Earth, Question Answer
Regarding early life on Earth, microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life.
Points: 10
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microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time. it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.
75. Multiple Choice: Robert Koch contributed to the field ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to develop the tuberculin test. formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease. use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media. develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.
76. Multiple Choice: Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel P... Question Answer
Points: 10
Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a smallpox vaccination. identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. making an effective rabies vaccine. developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine.
77. True/False: Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacter... Question Answer
Points: 10
Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur. True False
78. Multiple Choice: Some bacteria can carry out interesti... Question Answer
Points: 5
Some bacteria can carry out interesting and important metabolisms not found in any macroorganism. Many of these reactions are crucial to life on Earth because __________. they recycle elements needed by living organisms they prevent disease they build soil for plant growth they provide energy for macroorganisms
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
79. Multiple Choice: Some microorganisms can undergo _____... Question Answer
Points: 10
Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type. differentiation genetic exchange maturation
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mutagensis
80. True/False: The bubonic plague was caused by Yers... Question Answer
Points: 10
The bubonic plague was caused by Yersinia pestis, a highly pathogenic virus. True False
81. True/False: The discipline of microbiology is int... Question Answer
Points: 10
The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices. True False
82. Multiple Choice: The discovery of antibiotics and othe... Question Answer
Points: 10
The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of industrial microbiology. agricultural microbiology. marine microbiology. aquatic microbiology.
83. Multiple Choice: The disease anthrax is caused by the ... Question Answer
Points: 10
The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________, which produces heat-resistant structures known as ________. Azotobacter chroococcum / endospores Azotobacter chroococcum / plasmids Bacillus anthracis / endospores Bacillus anthracis / plasmids
84. True/False: The environment in which a microbial ... Question Answer
Points: 10
The environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat. True False
85. Essay: The explosive chemical trinitrotoluen...
Points: 10
Question
The explosive chemical trinitrotoluene (TNT) can remain in soils after use and is hazardous to humans. Propose an experiment in which TNT-degrading microorganisms could be isolated for purposes of bioremediation. Also indicate what experimental evidence would be useful to isolate TNT-degrading microorganisms.
Answer
Experimental designs will vary, but one example would be to use the enrichment culture technique with soil from an ammunition site. While adding TNT to the enrichment culture, a key piece of experimental evidence could be the loss of TNT in the culture to initiate isolation attempts.
86. Multiple Choice: The first documented description of a... Question Answer
The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________. bacterium / Ferdinand Cohn fungus / Robert Koch
Points: 10
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mold / Robert Hooke yeast / Martinus Beijerinck
87. Multiple Choice: The largest mass of living material o... Question Answer
Points: 10
The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from microorganisms. plants. animals. plants and animals together.
88. Multiple Choice: The microbiologists who discovered ba... Question
Answer
Points: 5
The microbiologists who discovered bacteria living deep in the -13°C brine of Lake Vida in Antarctica think that the bacteria are metabolizing carbon compounds that have been sealed in the ice with them for millennia, since there do not appear to be any other energy sources, like light, available. This idea concerning the source of energy for these bacteria is __________. a theory a hypothesis a fact an anecdote
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
89. Multiple Choice: The person who described the "we... Question Answer
Points: 10
The person who described the "wee animalcules" was Robert Hooke. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Louis Pasteur. Ferdinand Cohn.
90. Multiple Choice: The plaque (microbial biofilm) that f... Question
Answer
Points: 5
The plaque (microbial biofilm) that forms between your teeth is a highly anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment, even though the mouth is one of the most aerobic habitats in the body and most of the bacteria living there can use oxygen if it is available. Why is there no oxygen in the plaque between your teeth? The bacteria living between the teeth have used up the oxygen. The teeth absorbed the oxygen. Bacteria cannot live in the absence of oxygen. The area between the teeth never had any oxygen.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
91. Multiple Choice: The process whereby microorganisms ar... Question
Points: 10
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The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as Answer
bioaugmentation. biodegradation. bioengineering. bioremediation.
92. Multiple Choice: The production of human proteins (e.g... Question Answer
Points: 10
The production of human proteins (e.g., insulin) by genetically engineered microorganisms is an example of ________, a subdiscipline of microbiology. applied microbiology biotechnology industrial microbiology molecular microbiology
93. Multiple Choice: The science of grouping and classifyi... Question Answer
Points: 10
The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms is known as microbial physiology. proteomics. metabolomics. microbial systematics.
94. Multiple Choice: The step in Koch’s postulates t... Question Answer
Points: 5
The step in Koch’s postulates that most critically enabled him to determine that a particular microbe was the cause, and not an effect, of a particular disease was __________. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal and is shown to be the same as the original microbe isolated the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
95. Multiple Choice: The structure that confers structural... Question Answer
The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the cytoplasmic membrane. cell wall. ribosome. cytoplasm.
Points: 10
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96. Essay: The text states that antibiotics are ...
Points: 10
Question
The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms. What is the benefit to an antibiotiroducing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its natural habitat?
Answer
Answers will vary, but it must first be stated the antibiotic-producing microbe would need to be resistant to the antibiotic. This should then follow into a discussion on how antibiotic production could be viewed as a way to persist in the environment, such as maintaining dominance in a community over others.
97. Multiple Choice: The theory of spontaneous generation ... Question Answer
Points: 10
The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of Louis Pasteur. Robert Koch. Robert Hooke. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
98. True/False: Today, the enrichment culture techniq... Question Answer
Points: 10
Today, the enrichment culture technique developed over a century ago by Martinus Beijerinck remains a feasible approach to discovering bacteria capable of degrading pollutants. True False
99. Multiple Choice: Transparent double-sided dishes used ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called Petri dishes. baker dishes. sterilization plates. culture medium plates.
100. True/False: Treponema pallidum, a bacterium assoc... Question Answer
Points: 10
Treponema pallidum, a bacterium associated with syphilis, is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab, and, therefore, Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled. True False
101. Essay: Using specific examples, explain why ...
Points: 10
Question
Using specific examples, explain why it is sometimes impossible to satisfy Robert Koch's postulates.
Answer
Answers will vary, but one issue is the consideration for a model animal host that will react to the (human) pathogen in the same manner as in a human host. For example, a chicken would not show flu-like symptoms when infected with the influenza virus. Another issue is the inability to cultivate some microorganisms outside of the host.
102. Multiple Choice: What are the crop plants called that ... Question Answer
Points: 5
What are the crop plants called that form symbiotic relations with the bacteria that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia? grains vegetables legumes fruits
Page 19 of 29
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Some bacteria form symbiotic relations with clover, alfalfa, and soybeans to fix nitrogen.
103. Multiple Choice: What are these microorganisms, whose ... Question
Answer
Points: 5
What are these microorganisms, whose illustrations were first published by Robert Hooke in 1665?
endospores bacteria virus mold
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider which microorganisms grow on leather.
104. Multiple Choice: What did ers of the theory of ... Question Answer
Points: 5
What did ers of the theory of spontaneous generation declare was needed for life to arise that Pasteur's swan-necked flasks accommodated? fresh air sunlight time heat
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Pasteur's swan-necked flasks consisted of a long, curved, open neck.
105. Multiple Choice: What important biochemical process ta... Question
Answer
Points: 5
What important biochemical process takes place within these structures found on the roots of legumes?
carbon fixation biodegradation of toxic chemicals methane production
Page 20 of 29
nitrogen fixation
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider what process occurs in root nodules.
106. Multiple Choice: What is chemolithotrophy? Question Answer
Points: 5
What is chemolithotrophy? the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation within a cell the incorporation of cellular carbon from CO2 the utilization of light energy as a mechanism of energy conservation within a cell the oxidation of organic compounds linked to energy conservation within a cell
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should explain how energy is obtained in these cells.
107. Multiple Choice: What is the hypothesis called by whic... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the hypothesis called by which cells originated from nonliving matter? spontaneous generation biogenesis natural purification organic evolution
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This choice is not the term that describes the hypothesis.
108. Multiple Choice: What is the immediate environment cal... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the immediate environment called where a microbial population lives? landscape ecosystem biome habitat
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Microorganisms live in interacting populations that are influenced by, and can change, the chemical and physical properties of their environment.
109. Multiple Choice: What is the method called that uses s... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the method called that uses selective culture media and incubation conditions to isolate specific microorganisms from natural samples? dilution culture anaerobic culture enrichment culture streaking
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Martinus Beijerinck developed this technique to study many soil and aquatic organisms.
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110. Multiple Choice: What is the name of the process in wh... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the name of the process in which cells take up nutrients from the environment and convert them into new cell structures and waste products? evolution differentiation metabolism cell signaling
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This process describes a summary of all chemical processes found in microbial cells.
111. Multiple Choice: What is the second of Koch's postulates? Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the second of Koch's postulates? The organism must be re-isolated and cultured again from the newly infected animal and verified as the same as the original organism. The isolated organism must cause the same disease when inoculated into healthy susceptible animals. The organism must initially be cultivated in pure culture away from the animal body. The pathogen must always be present in animals suffering from the disease but not in healthy animals.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Koch's postulates are the "gold standard" for establishing cause and effect for pathogenic organisms.
112. Multiple Choice: What kinds of cells do NOT have a cel... Question Answer
Points: 5
What kinds of cells do NOT have a cell wall? algal cells animal cells bacterial cells fungal cells
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider which cells have only a cytoplasmic membrane that separates the external environment from the cytoplasm.
113. Multiple Choice: What plantlike characteristic do chem... Question Answer
Points: 5
What plantlike characteristic do chemolithotrophs possess? They are autotrophs. They contain chlorophyll. Cell division involves mitosis. They have cell walls made of cellulose.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Chemolithotrophs obtain their carbon from carbon dioxide.
114. Multiple Choice: What type of glassware was used to se... Question
What type of glassware was used to settle the controversy surrounding spontaneous generation?
Points: 5
Page 22 of 29
Answer
Erlenmeyer flask side-armed flask swan-necked flask volumetric flask
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider which of the flasks allowed the liquid medium to stay sterile while allowing air to enter.
115. Multiple Choice: When considering the properties of al... Question Answer
Points: 5
When considering the properties of all cellular life, what two ways can be used to define cells? biochemical catalysts and genetic coding systems differentiating entities and genetic coding devices self-propelled units and genetic coding systems biochemical catalysts and self-propelled units
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should take into consideration processes that enable cells to utilize nutrients from the environment.
116. Multiple Choice: When does evidence suggest that life ... Question Answer
Points: 5
When does evidence suggest that life first arose on Earth? ~ 3.8 × 103 years ago ~ 3.8 × 106 years ago ~ 3.8 × 109 years ago ~ 3.8 × 1012 years ago
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Microbial life on Earth is ancient.
117. Multiple Choice: Which early microbiologist studied th... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which early microbiologist studied the large filamentous sulfur bacterium, later called Beggiatoa? Robert Hooke Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ferdinand Cohn Robert Koch
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The correct microbiologist was a German botanist who was a contemporary of Pasteur.
118. Multiple Choice: Which of the following are the correc... Question Answer
Which of the following are the correct sequential processes involved in protein synthesis? translation and transcription replication and transcription replication and translation
Points: 5
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transcription and translation
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. First gene information for the synthesis of a specific protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA); mRNA is then decoded by ribosomes.
119. Multiple Choice: Which of the following attributes mak... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following attributes make some microorganisms ideal model systems for studying life's basic processes? They have low mutation rates. Their limited diversity allows thorough characterization of basic processes. They grow to high cell densities in a short amount of time. Most microorganisms cause disease and are at the center of human activity.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. These characteristics make scientific studies easier and faster to perform.
120. Multiple Choice: Which of the following cellular prope... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following cellular properties is NOT found in all cells? differentiation metabolism evolution growth
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This property is common to all cells. Certain cells have specialized functions.
121. Multiple Choice: Which of the following characteristic... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following characteristics was found in the earliest cellular organisms? photosynthesis anaerobic metabolism membrane-bound nucleus multicellularity
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider Earth's early atmospheric conditions.
122. Multiple Choice: Which of the following discoveries by... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following discoveries by Louis Pasteur came first? the significance of optical isomers the defeat of the theory of spontaneous generation the role of microorganisms in fermentation the development of a vaccine for rabies
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Pasteur was first a chemist who then applied what he learned about chemistry to solve biological problems.
Page 24 of 29
Points: 5
123. Multiple Choice: Which of the following habitats is ho... Question Answer
Which of the following habitats is home to the largest percentage of microbial biomass on Earth? marine subsurface terrestrial subsurface freshwater lakes surface soil
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Most microbes are found where essential nutrients are available and where there is space to grow.
Points: 5
124. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a chara... Question Answer
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)? Its proteins were synthesized on ribosomes. Its genes were composed of RNA. Its cells were bound by a lipid membrane. It used ATP as a common energy currency.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This is true. The LUCA had traits that are common to all life.
Points: 5
125. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a major... Question Answer
Which of the following is NOT a major phylogenetic lineage (or “domain”)? Eukarya Viridae Archaea Bacteria
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This is one of the three domains.
Points: 5
126. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a new s... Question Answer
Which of the following is NOT a new subdiscipline that has been created from the study of genomes? proteomics metabolomics transcriptomics ribosomics
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. New advances in genomics focus on exploration of RNA, proteins, and microbial metabolism.
127. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an acco... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur? determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation
Page 25 of 29
developed enrichment culture techniques developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals
128. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an impo... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following is NOT an important infectious disease in the developing world today? cholera tuberculosis Alzheimer's disease malaria
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This organism causes an infectious disease. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms.
129. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is/are cha... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which of the following is/are characteristic of ALL cellular organisms? communication evolution motility communication, evolution, and motility
130. Multiple Choice: Which of the following organisms was ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following organisms was studied by Robert Koch to help him develop his famous postulates? Vibrio cholerae Bacillus anthracis Escherichia coli Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Koch initially studied a disease caused by an endospore forming bacterium.
131. Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Microbial cells exist as single cells. Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently. Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses. Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and animals.
132. Multiple Choice: Which of the following describe... Question Answer
Which of the following describes a group of cells derived from one “parental” cell? habitat
Points: 5
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microbial ecosystem population microbial community
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This term describes the interaction of one group of cells with other organisms or the environment.
133. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be an ex... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following would be an example of applied microbial research? experiments that test a hypothesis concerning cell-cell communication studies on the mechanisms of endospore formation studies about how cells control DNA replication experiments that test a hypothesis to improve wastewater treatment
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Applied research focuses on how microbial processes can benefit society and Earth; in comparison, basic research focuses on the fundamental processes of life.
134. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be an ex... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following would be an example of basic microbiology research? experiments that test a hypothesis about improved cheese production studies on how cells respond to DNA damage by triggering a repair pathway studies on how to prevent the loss of soil fertility due to the activity of microorganisms experiments that produce a novel vaccine to prevent tuberculosis
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Basic research focuses on the fundamental processes of life, whereas applied research focuses on how microbial processes can benefit society and Earth.
135. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be an ex... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following would be an example of bioremediation of an oil spill in a marine environment? adding nutrients that stimulate indigenous microorganisms to degrade the oil burning the oil physically removing the oil by binding it to absorbent chemicals skimming the surface of the water and collecting the oil
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Beneficial microbes can degrade the chemicals in oil when limiting chemicals are provided.
136. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would generall... Question Answer
Which of the following would generally not be considered a subdiscipline of applied microbiology? biotechnology agricultural microbiology medical microbiology microbial systematics
Points: 5
Page 27 of 29
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Applied microbiology generally focuses on solving specific problems or in synthesizing commercial products from microbial sources.
137. Multiple Choice: Which scientific objective is LEAST r... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which scientific objective is LEAST related to microbial genetics? determining the ancestral origin of a recently discovered bacterium identifying mutations in a bacterial population identifying quorum sensing interactions among bacteria manipulating a microorganism for bioremediation
138. Multiple Choice: Which statement is TRUE? Question Answer
Points: 10
Which statement is TRUE? Populations are assemblages of microbial communities. Microbial communities are assemblages of populations. Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities. Populations are assemblages of habitats.
139. Multiple Choice: Which types of organisms are the most... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which types of organisms are the most important for the maintenance of life on Earth? microorganisms plants animals humans
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should take into consideration what organism maintains nutrient levels and assists in the recycling of waste products.
140. Multiple Choice: Who isolated in pure culture the firs... Question Answer
Points: 5
Who isolated in pure culture the first nitrogen-fixing bacterium? Winogradsky Cohn Beijerinck Koch
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This first nitrogen-fixing organism was a strict anaerobe and was isolated by a Russian microbiologist.
141. Multiple Choice: Who showed that viruses were filterab... Question Answer
Who showed that viruses were filterable agents that were smaller than bacteria? Beijerinck
Points: 5
Page 28 of 29
Pasteur Koch Winogradsky
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider which of these scientists were working to isolate the infectious agent of tobacco mosaic disease.
142. Multiple Choice: Who was the amateur microscopist who ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Who was the amateur microscopist who first published drawings of bacteria? Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ferdinand Cohn Louis Pasteur Robert Hooke Robert Koch
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The first drawings of bacteria were published in the proceedings of the Royal Society of London in the late seventeenth century.
143. Multiple Choice: Who was the scientist that discovered... Question Answer
Points: 5
Who was the scientist that discovered endospores? Cohn Koch Hooke Pasteur
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider which of the scientists was interested in heat resistant bacteria.
144. Essay: Why is it incorrect to say that an ob...
Points: 10
Question
Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile?
Answer
Sterile means the absence of all living organisms. Something is either sterile or it is not. Other are used to describe objects that have been cleaned but are not sterile, such as disinfected.
145. Multiple Choice: ________ produced by microbial fermen... Question
Answer
Points: 10
________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product. Biodiesel / biotechnologists Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists Ethanol / biotechnologists Ethanol / industrial microbiologists
146. Multiple Choice: ________ was the first to describe mi... Question
Points: 10
________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook
Answer
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
147. Multiple Choice: ________ was the first to identify a ... Question
Points: 10
________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________. Martinus Beijerinck / heteroautotrophy
Answer
Martinus Beijerinck / chemolithotrophy Sergei Winogradsky / heteroautotrophy Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy
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1. Multiple Choice: A Pasteur flask has a(n)
Points: 10
Success: 147 questions added as a copy. Question Answer
A Pasteur flask has a(n) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask. double neck so two substances may be added at the same time. secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage. inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.
2. Multiple Choice: A colony on a Petri plate arises from... Question Answer
Points: 5
A colony on a Petri plate arises from a single cell. How many cells does a typical bacterial colony contain? 101 103 105 107
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider that bacterial cells are very small and only very large numbers of cells can be seen by the naked eye.
3. Multiple Choice: A microbial cell's membrane is consid... Question Answer
Points: 10
A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment. differential microselective rigid semipermeable
4. Multiple Choice: A pure culture Question Answer
A pure culture is sterile.
Points: 10
Page 2 of 29
is a population of identical cells. is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. contains one microbial cell.
5. True/False: According to our present understandin... Question Answer
Points: 10
According to our present understanding, each of the three major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor. True False
6. Multiple Choice: All life on Earth can be divided into... Question Answer
Points: 5
All life on Earth can be divided into three main Domains, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya, based on the similarities of their __________. ribosomal RNA cell nuclei DNA cell structures
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
7. True/False: All microorganisms require molecular ... Question Answer
Points: 10
All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions. True False
8. Multiple Choice: Although the existence of microorgani... Question Answer
Points: 5
Although the existence of microorganisms was surmised long before, their discovery depended upon a technological development (the microscope) in order for scientists to __________. construct meaningful hypotheses concerning microbial activities make direct observations of microbes synthesize meaningful theories about the roles of microbes in disease publish their results
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
9. Multiple Choice: An ecosystem includes ________ along ... Question Answer
An ecosystem includes ________ along with ________. macroorganisms / microorganisms living organisms / their chemical and physical environments pathogenic organisms / non-pathogenic organisms single celled organisms / multi-cellular organisms
Points: 10
Page 3 of 29
10. Essay: An investigator attempting to replica...
Points: 0
Question
An investigator attempting to replicate Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment has boiled a hay infusion for 1 hour. However, she observes growth in the flask after 1 day (even when undisturbed). What is the likely explanation for this result?
Answer
The most likely explanation is that bacterial endospores were present in the sample. Some soil bacteria (like Bacillus subtilis) produce heat-resistant endospores. Vegetative microbial cells are rapidly killed by boiling. However, the endospores are able to survive extended exposure to high temperatures. Once the culture temperature drops, the surviving endospores will germinate and begin to multiply in the culture medium.
11. Multiple Choice: Applied microbiology deals with impor... Question Answer
Points: 10
Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in medicine. agriculture. industry. medicine, agriculture, and industry.
12. Multiple Choice: Approximately two billion years ago, ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth. algae Archaea cyanobacteria purple sulfur bacteria
13. Multiple Choice: Archaea and Bacteria are unified as p... Question Answer
Points: 10
Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain, such as golgi. membranes nuclei membrane-enclosed organelles nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles
14. Multiple Choice: Bacillus anthracis deficient in its a... Question Answer
Points: 10
Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to chemotax towards growth substrates. create vessicles. form endospores. grow without additional supplemented nutrients.
15. Multiple Choice: Bacteria can have positive, neutral, ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Bacteria can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on humans and other macroorganisms. Which of the following would be a negative association? cellulose degraders in the cow rumen nitrogen fixing bacteria in a soybean root
Page 4 of 29
sulfur oxidizing bacteria in soil Salmonella bacteria in the human gut
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
16. Essay: Based upon the properties of life, do...
Points: 0
Question
Based upon the properties of life, do you think that viruses are alive or not? What evidence s your opinion?
Answer
Most scientists regard viruses as nonliving entities. Although they are able to reproduce and their genetic material may evolve over time, they require the host cell’s machinery to do so. In addition, viruses lack their own metabolism and protein synthesis machinery, are not motile, and neither communicate nor differentiate during growth. Furthermore, viruses are acellular microbes. All known living organisms are composed of cells.
17. Multiple Choice: Basic microbiology can be used to Question Answer
Points: 10
Basic microbiology can be used to probe the fundamental processes of life. study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms. model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans. probe the fundamental processes of life, study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms, and model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans.
18. Multiple Choice: Bioremediation ________ by introducin... Question Answer
Points: 10
Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants. accelerates the natural cleanup process exploits genetic exchange mechanisms invokes microbial evolution uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms
19. True/False: Both environmental conditions and nut... Question Answer
Points: 10
Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community. True False
20. Multiple Choice: Chemolithotrophy involves Question Answer
Points: 10
Chemolithotrophy involves oxidation of organic compounds. oxidation of inorganic compounds. reduction of organic compounds. metabolic autotrophy.
21. Essay: Compare and contrast the functions mi...
Points: 10
Page 5 of 29
Question
Compare and contrast the functions microbes serve in the digestive systems of both humans and rumens (e.g., cattle).
Answer
Answers will vary but should focus on humans having a high cell localized density in the colon (large intestine), whereas rumens have higher microbial populations in the rumen. Microbes in both systems aid in digestion and improve nutrition/health of the host.
22. Essay: Compare and contrast the leading caus...
Points: 10
Question
Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes of death today. What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes that are evident?
Answer
Answers will vary, but a focus should be that pathogens that killed people in the early 1900s are now treatable due to knowledge learned from microbiologists.
23. Essay: Compare and contrast the works of Lou...
Points: 10
Question
Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in of both applied and basic science.
Answer
Answers will vary, but should highlight the differences between basic scientific research in which fundamental ideas are discovered opposed to the usage of microbiological principles to solve larger questions. Examples of Pasteur's basic science contributions are his work showing that fermentation was mediated by microorganisms and the preferential metabolism of particular optical isomers by microbes. Pasteur also applied his ideas to develop sterilization techniques. Robert Koch focused more on the application of microbiology to identify the cause of tuberculosis by developing pure culturing techniques and the four postulates to link microbes to a disease.
24. Multiple Choice: Consider the following two statements... Question
Answer
Points: 5
Consider the following two statements about microorganisms and their environments: I. Aerobic organisms maintain oxygen in their environment. II. Some microorganisms consume the waste products of another population as nutrients. Only statement I is correct. Only statement II is correct. Both statements I and II are correct. Neither statement I nor II is correct.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The interplay of organisms in the environment is complex and dynamic.
25. Multiple Choice: Consider the following two statements... Question Answer
Points: 5
Consider the following two statements: I) Ecosystems are influenced by microbial activities. II) Microbial ecosystems remain constant over time. Only statement I is correct. Only statement II is correct. Both statements I and II are correct. Neither statement I nor II is correct.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider the major impact microorganisms have on the environment.
26. Multiple Choice: Consider the following two statements... Question Answer
Points: 5
Consider the following two statements: I. Most bacterial species cause disease. II. Infectious diseases are the leading causes of death in the United States today. Only statement I is correct. Only statement II is correct. Both statements I and II are correct. Neither statement I nor II is correct.
Page 6 of 29
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Most microbes are beneficial, rather than harmful.
27. Multiple Choice: Control of infectious diseases curren... Question Answer
Points: 5
Control of infectious diseases currently is the result of all of the following EXCEPT __________. increased understanding of disease processes the use of antimicrobial agents eradication of hundreds of pathogens improved sanitary and public health practices
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider in your answer all of the health initiatives implemented in the 21st century.
28. Multiple Choice: Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria bot... Question Answer
Points: 10
Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the ________ are capable of releasing ________. cyanobacteria / organic compounds cyanobacteria / oxygen purple bacteria / organic compounds purple bacteria / oxygen
29. Multiple Choice: Deduce why viruses are excluded from ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA-based tree of life. Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA. Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced. They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons. They lack ribosomal RNA.
30. Essay: Describe beneficial and harmful ways ...
Points: 10
Question
Describe beneficial and harmful ways in which microorganisms interact with agricultural crops.
Answer
Certain microbes are beneficial to crops when they produce nutrients (e.g., NH4+, SO42-) usable by a crop from a substrate that was unusable. Other microbes can cause diseases in plants, much like pathogens cause disease in humans.
31. Essay: Describe two capabilities of microbes...
Points: 10
Question
Describe two capabilities of microbes that exemplify their dynamic nature.
Answer
Answers could possibly include cell-cell communication, ability to move (motility), ability to differentiate, and exchange of materials (any two).
32. Multiple Choice: Determine which outcome is LEAST like... Question Answer
Determine which outcome is LEAST likely for a microorganism being motile. avoidance of predation by bacteriovores maintaining osmotic balance within a salt gradient movement towards growth substrates
Points: 10
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transfer of plasmids to progeny
33. Multiple Choice: Developments in the fields of immunol... Question Answer
Points: 10
Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of Sergei Winogradsky. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Joseph Lister. Robert Koch.
34. Multiple Choice: Differential selection and reproducti... Question Answer
Points: 10
Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called cellular differentiation. evolution. growth. transformation.
35. True/False: Differentiation occurs only in multic... Question Answer
Points: 10
Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms. True False
36. Essay: Explain how you would use Robert Koch...
Points: 10
Question
Explain how you would use Robert Koch's postulates to determine that Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat").
Answer
Answers will vary but will need to detail how S. pyogenes will be subjected to all four postulates.
37. Essay: Explain the nature and function of an...
Points: 10
Question
Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture.
Answer
Answers will vary, but an enrichment culture uses media, chemicals, or culture conditions to select for or encourage the growth of organisms with specific characteristics. An answer could describe providing only carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to select for autotrophs, for example.
38. Essay: Explain why infectious diseases are m...
Points: 10
Question
Explain why infectious diseases are much less lethal in developed countries than in underdeveloped countries.
Answer
Answers will vary but should emphasize ways in which increased knowledge about microbial pathogenesis has influenced preventative care (e.g., sanitation) and treatment (e.g., antimicrobial drugs).
39. Essay: Explain why microbial cells are excel...
Points: 10
Question
Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms.
Answer
Answers will vary but should include commonality of function, biochemical and genetic similarities, and ease and speed with which they can be grown in large quantities.
40. Essay: Explain why only anaerobic bacteria i... Question
Explain why only anaerobic bacteria inhabited Earth for the first two billion years of its existence.
Points: 10
Page 8 of 29
Answer
The key idea is an anoxic environment will not allow aerobic organisms to survive.
41. Multiple Choice: Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ________ the idea to use agar as a solidifying agent. Louis Pasteur Ferdinand Cohn Robert Koch Sergei Winogradsky
42. Multiple Choice: Groups of cells derived from a single... Question Answer
Points: 10
Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successive cell divisions are known as microbial ________ and which live in environments known as microbial ________. communities / habitats communities / ecosystems populations / habitats populations / ecosystems
43. Essay: How would the presence of endospores ...
Points: 10
Question
How would the presence of endospores in Louis Pasteur's nutrient solutions have affected his conclusions about spontaneous generation?
Answer
Answers will vary, but ultimately this could have confounded Pasteur if the endospores sometimes went into a vegetative growth phase and other times no growth was observed.
44. Multiple Choice: In what/which domain(s) of life i... Question Answer
Points: 10
In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
45. Multiple Choice: Koch's postulates cannot always be us... Question Answer
Points: 5
Koch's postulates cannot always be used to satisfy __________. lethal infectious diseases that only occur in humans any lethal infectious diseases infectious diseases that are caused by viruses infectious diseases that are caused by fungi
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider the limitations of culturing some microbes in a laboratory setting.
46. Multiple Choice: Like all forms of life on Earth, all ... Question
Like all forms of life on Earth, all microbial cells perform three major types of activities: __________.
Points: 5
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Answer
metabolism, growth, and evolution metabolism, growth, and genetic exchange growth, differentiation, and metabolism growth, genetic exchange, and evolution
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
47. Essay: List three contributions of Ferdinand...
Points: 10
Question
List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to the development of microbiology.
Answer
Answers could possibly include: founding bacteriology as a separate science, studying Beggiatoa, discovering the genus Bacillus (along with its endospore formation and its life cycle), and devising methods to prevent contamination.
48. Multiple Choice: Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s... Question Answer
Points: 10
Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for anthrax. fowl cholera. rabies. anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
49. Multiple Choice: Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for all of the following diseases EXCEPT __________. smallpox anthrax rabies fowl cholera
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider only those vaccines developed by Pasteur.
50. Multiple Choice: Louis Pasteur's most famous success w... Question Answer
Points: 10
Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. the rabies vaccine. optical isomers. cultivation of E. coli.
51. Multiple Choice: Major classes of macromolecules prese... Question Answer
Major classes of macromolecules present in all living microorganisms include amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, and ribosomes.
Points: 10
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genes, proteins, and vitamins. inorganic and organic compounds.
52. Multiple Choice: Martinus Beijerinck was the first to ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate green algae. certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria. certain sulfate-reducing bacteria. green algae, certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria, and certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.
53. True/False: Metabolism is a unifying characterist... Question Answer
Points: 10
Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms. True False
Points: 5
54. Multiple Choice: Microbes evolve specific traits that ... Question
Answer
Microbes evolve specific traits that increase their fitness in specific environments. Martinus Beijerinck developed the enrichment culture technique to isolate microbes from complex natural samples, like soil and water, by manipulating the __________. organism’s genes medium to be either a solid or a liquid oxygen content of the culture culture conditions and nutrients
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
55. Multiple Choice: Microbes playing a role in nitrogen f... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________. rumens / nodules nodules / rumens nodules / fortrans fortrans / rumens
56. Essay: Microbes were first formally observed...
Points: 10
Question
Microbes were first formally observed during the mid-1600s, but the cell theory was not enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's time.
Answer
Answers will vary, but a theme should be the lack of powerful microscopy tools. Without sufficient microscopes individual cells could not be seen, but the activities of microorganisms could be observed, such as the production of ethanol in Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation.
57. Multiple Choice: Microbial biochemistry involves the d... Question Answer
Microbial biochemistry involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform.
Points: 10
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biomolecules / functions enzymes / catalyses metabolic pathways / reactions biomolecules, enzymes, and metabolic pathways / functions
58. Multiple Choice: Microbial cells first evolved on Eart... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately ________ billion years ago. 1.6 to 1.8 3.8 to 3.9 5.4 to 5.6 7.0 to 7.2
59. Multiple Choice: Microbial control in wastewaters woul... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of microbial genetics. aquatic microbiology. medical microbiology. bacterial energetics.
60. Multiple Choice: Microbial ecology is the study of Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial ecology is the study of microbial processes in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth. the diversity and activities of microorganisms. the grouping and classifying of microorganisms. microorganisms in their natural environments.
61. Multiple Choice: Microbial sterilization is used to Question Answer
Points: 10
Microbial sterilization is used to decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. kill all microbes in or on objects. clean a work area.
62. Multiple Choice: Microorganisms play key roles in the ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of carbon. nitrogen.
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sulfur. carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
63. True/False: Most microorganisms are pathogenic. Question Answer
Points: 10
Most microorganisms are pathogenic. True False
64. Multiple Choice: Most prokaryotic cells reside Question Answer
Points: 10
Most prokaryotic cells reside on Earth's surface. in lakes, rivers, and oceans. in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals). in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
65. Multiple Choice: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very di... Question Answer
Points: 10
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult to stain because of the presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. location of the DNA within the cell. large amounts of a waxy lipid present in its cell wall. lack of a cell wall.
66. Essay: Name at least three limitations of Ko...
Points: 0
Question
Name at least three limitations of Koch’s postulates that might limit their ability to identify the causative agent of a microbial disease.
Answer
Some microbial pathogens may be carried asymptomatically by individuals. For example, MRSA affects immunocompromised people but not healthy people. Some microbes cannot be cultivated in pure culture on laboratory media. For example, Mycobacterium leprae cannot be grown on any known laboratory medium today. Animal models of microbial infections are not available for some pathogens, and direct infection of human volunteers is not practical.
67. Essay: Not all microbes are pathogens! Give ...
Points: 0
Question
Not all microbes are pathogens! Give four examples of food or beverages at the grocery store that involve microorganisms.
Answer
There are a wide variety of examples of microbially produced foodstuffs. Here is a brief list of candidates: beer, wine, distilled alcohols, yogurt, kefir, blue cheese, sourdough bread, raised breads, cheese, salami, sauerkraut, tempeh, miso, and soy sauce.
68. True/False: Not only do some microorganisms toler... Question Answer
Points: 10
Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth. True False
69. Multiple Choice: Of the following evolutionary milesto... Question Answer
Points: 5
Of the following evolutionary milestones, which occurred earlier than oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere? appearance of shelled invertebrates
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development of algal diversity appearance of eukaryotes origin of cyanobacteria
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The evolution of these “simple” organisms was necessary for oxygen to be released and create Earth’s atmosphere.
Points: 5
70. Multiple Choice: Pasteur’s experiments refuting ... Question Answer
Pasteur’s experiments refuting the theory of spontaneous generation were crucial to the advancement of the field of microbiology because they led to the development of all EXCEPT which of the following? optical isomers food preservation the germ theory of disease sterile technique
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
71. Multiple Choice: Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood. Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been ed. His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation. Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation. Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged.
72. Multiple Choice: Protein catalysts involved in the acc... Question Answer
Points: 10
Protein catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called catalytic converters. growth agents. evolutionary molecules. enzymes.
73. Essay: Provide evidence ing the state...
Points: 10
Question
Provide evidence ing the statement that an ecosystem is controlled by microbial activities.
Answer
Answers will vary, but one example could be oxygen depletion, where a loss of oxygen would then favor anaerobic microorganisms.
74. Multiple Choice: Regarding early life on Earth, Question Answer
Regarding early life on Earth, microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life.
Points: 10
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microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time. it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.
75. Multiple Choice: Robert Koch contributed to the field ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to develop the tuberculin test. formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease. use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media. develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.
76. Multiple Choice: Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel P... Question Answer
Points: 10
Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a smallpox vaccination. identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. making an effective rabies vaccine. developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine.
77. True/False: Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacter... Question Answer
Points: 10
Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur. True False
78. Multiple Choice: Some bacteria can carry out interesti... Question Answer
Points: 5
Some bacteria can carry out interesting and important metabolisms not found in any macroorganism. Many of these reactions are crucial to life on Earth because __________. they recycle elements needed by living organisms they prevent disease they build soil for plant growth they provide energy for macroorganisms
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
79. Multiple Choice: Some microorganisms can undergo _____... Question Answer
Points: 10
Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type. differentiation genetic exchange maturation
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mutagensis
80. True/False: The bubonic plague was caused by Yers... Question Answer
Points: 10
The bubonic plague was caused by Yersinia pestis, a highly pathogenic virus. True False
81. True/False: The discipline of microbiology is int... Question Answer
Points: 10
The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices. True False
82. Multiple Choice: The discovery of antibiotics and othe... Question Answer
Points: 10
The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of industrial microbiology. agricultural microbiology. marine microbiology. aquatic microbiology.
83. Multiple Choice: The disease anthrax is caused by the ... Question Answer
Points: 10
The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________, which produces heat-resistant structures known as ________. Azotobacter chroococcum / endospores Azotobacter chroococcum / plasmids Bacillus anthracis / endospores Bacillus anthracis / plasmids
84. True/False: The environment in which a microbial ... Question Answer
Points: 10
The environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat. True False
85. Essay: The explosive chemical trinitrotoluen...
Points: 10
Question
The explosive chemical trinitrotoluene (TNT) can remain in soils after use and is hazardous to humans. Propose an experiment in which TNT-degrading microorganisms could be isolated for purposes of bioremediation. Also indicate what experimental evidence would be useful to isolate TNT-degrading microorganisms.
Answer
Experimental designs will vary, but one example would be to use the enrichment culture technique with soil from an ammunition site. While adding TNT to the enrichment culture, a key piece of experimental evidence could be the loss of TNT in the culture to initiate isolation attempts.
86. Multiple Choice: The first documented description of a... Question Answer
The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________. bacterium / Ferdinand Cohn fungus / Robert Koch
Points: 10
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mold / Robert Hooke yeast / Martinus Beijerinck
87. Multiple Choice: The largest mass of living material o... Question Answer
Points: 10
The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from microorganisms. plants. animals. plants and animals together.
88. Multiple Choice: The microbiologists who discovered ba... Question
Answer
Points: 5
The microbiologists who discovered bacteria living deep in the -13°C brine of Lake Vida in Antarctica think that the bacteria are metabolizing carbon compounds that have been sealed in the ice with them for millennia, since there do not appear to be any other energy sources, like light, available. This idea concerning the source of energy for these bacteria is __________. a theory a hypothesis a fact an anecdote
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
89. Multiple Choice: The person who described the "we... Question Answer
Points: 10
The person who described the "wee animalcules" was Robert Hooke. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Louis Pasteur. Ferdinand Cohn.
90. Multiple Choice: The plaque (microbial biofilm) that f... Question
Answer
Points: 5
The plaque (microbial biofilm) that forms between your teeth is a highly anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment, even though the mouth is one of the most aerobic habitats in the body and most of the bacteria living there can use oxygen if it is available. Why is there no oxygen in the plaque between your teeth? The bacteria living between the teeth have used up the oxygen. The teeth absorbed the oxygen. Bacteria cannot live in the absence of oxygen. The area between the teeth never had any oxygen.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
91. Multiple Choice: The process whereby microorganisms ar... Question
Points: 10
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The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as Answer
bioaugmentation. biodegradation. bioengineering. bioremediation.
92. Multiple Choice: The production of human proteins (e.g... Question Answer
Points: 10
The production of human proteins (e.g., insulin) by genetically engineered microorganisms is an example of ________, a subdiscipline of microbiology. applied microbiology biotechnology industrial microbiology molecular microbiology
93. Multiple Choice: The science of grouping and classifyi... Question Answer
Points: 10
The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms is known as microbial physiology. proteomics. metabolomics. microbial systematics.
94. Multiple Choice: The step in Koch’s postulates t... Question Answer
Points: 5
The step in Koch’s postulates that most critically enabled him to determine that a particular microbe was the cause, and not an effect, of a particular disease was __________. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal and is shown to be the same as the original microbe isolated the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect!
95. Multiple Choice: The structure that confers structural... Question Answer
The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the cytoplasmic membrane. cell wall. ribosome. cytoplasm.
Points: 10
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96. Essay: The text states that antibiotics are ...
Points: 10
Question
The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms. What is the benefit to an antibiotiroducing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its natural habitat?
Answer
Answers will vary, but it must first be stated the antibiotic-producing microbe would need to be resistant to the antibiotic. This should then follow into a discussion on how antibiotic production could be viewed as a way to persist in the environment, such as maintaining dominance in a community over others.
97. Multiple Choice: The theory of spontaneous generation ... Question Answer
Points: 10
The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of Louis Pasteur. Robert Koch. Robert Hooke. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
98. True/False: Today, the enrichment culture techniq... Question Answer
Points: 10
Today, the enrichment culture technique developed over a century ago by Martinus Beijerinck remains a feasible approach to discovering bacteria capable of degrading pollutants. True False
99. Multiple Choice: Transparent double-sided dishes used ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called Petri dishes. baker dishes. sterilization plates. culture medium plates.
100. True/False: Treponema pallidum, a bacterium assoc... Question Answer
Points: 10
Treponema pallidum, a bacterium associated with syphilis, is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab, and, therefore, Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled. True False
101. Essay: Using specific examples, explain why ...
Points: 10
Question
Using specific examples, explain why it is sometimes impossible to satisfy Robert Koch's postulates.
Answer
Answers will vary, but one issue is the consideration for a model animal host that will react to the (human) pathogen in the same manner as in a human host. For example, a chicken would not show flu-like symptoms when infected with the influenza virus. Another issue is the inability to cultivate some microorganisms outside of the host.
102. Multiple Choice: What are the crop plants called that ... Question Answer
Points: 5
What are the crop plants called that form symbiotic relations with the bacteria that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia? grains vegetables legumes fruits
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Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Some bacteria form symbiotic relations with clover, alfalfa, and soybeans to fix nitrogen.
103. Multiple Choice: What are these microorganisms, whose ... Question
Answer
Points: 5
What are these microorganisms, whose illustrations were first published by Robert Hooke in 1665?
endospores bacteria virus mold
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider which microorganisms grow on leather.
104. Multiple Choice: What did ers of the theory of ... Question Answer
Points: 5
What did ers of the theory of spontaneous generation declare was needed for life to arise that Pasteur's swan-necked flasks accommodated? fresh air sunlight time heat
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Pasteur's swan-necked flasks consisted of a long, curved, open neck.
105. Multiple Choice: What important biochemical process ta... Question
Answer
Points: 5
What important biochemical process takes place within these structures found on the roots of legumes?
carbon fixation biodegradation of toxic chemicals methane production
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nitrogen fixation
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider what process occurs in root nodules.
106. Multiple Choice: What is chemolithotrophy? Question Answer
Points: 5
What is chemolithotrophy? the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation within a cell the incorporation of cellular carbon from CO2 the utilization of light energy as a mechanism of energy conservation within a cell the oxidation of organic compounds linked to energy conservation within a cell
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should explain how energy is obtained in these cells.
107. Multiple Choice: What is the hypothesis called by whic... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the hypothesis called by which cells originated from nonliving matter? spontaneous generation biogenesis natural purification organic evolution
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This choice is not the term that describes the hypothesis.
108. Multiple Choice: What is the immediate environment cal... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the immediate environment called where a microbial population lives? landscape ecosystem biome habitat
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Microorganisms live in interacting populations that are influenced by, and can change, the chemical and physical properties of their environment.
109. Multiple Choice: What is the method called that uses s... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the method called that uses selective culture media and incubation conditions to isolate specific microorganisms from natural samples? dilution culture anaerobic culture enrichment culture streaking
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Martinus Beijerinck developed this technique to study many soil and aquatic organisms.
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110. Multiple Choice: What is the name of the process in wh... Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the name of the process in which cells take up nutrients from the environment and convert them into new cell structures and waste products? evolution differentiation metabolism cell signaling
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This process describes a summary of all chemical processes found in microbial cells.
111. Multiple Choice: What is the second of Koch's postulates? Question Answer
Points: 5
What is the second of Koch's postulates? The organism must be re-isolated and cultured again from the newly infected animal and verified as the same as the original organism. The isolated organism must cause the same disease when inoculated into healthy susceptible animals. The organism must initially be cultivated in pure culture away from the animal body. The pathogen must always be present in animals suffering from the disease but not in healthy animals.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Koch's postulates are the "gold standard" for establishing cause and effect for pathogenic organisms.
112. Multiple Choice: What kinds of cells do NOT have a cel... Question Answer
Points: 5
What kinds of cells do NOT have a cell wall? algal cells animal cells bacterial cells fungal cells
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider which cells have only a cytoplasmic membrane that separates the external environment from the cytoplasm.
113. Multiple Choice: What plantlike characteristic do chem... Question Answer
Points: 5
What plantlike characteristic do chemolithotrophs possess? They are autotrophs. They contain chlorophyll. Cell division involves mitosis. They have cell walls made of cellulose.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Chemolithotrophs obtain their carbon from carbon dioxide.
114. Multiple Choice: What type of glassware was used to se... Question
What type of glassware was used to settle the controversy surrounding spontaneous generation?
Points: 5
Page 22 of 29
Answer
Erlenmeyer flask side-armed flask swan-necked flask volumetric flask
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should consider which of the flasks allowed the liquid medium to stay sterile while allowing air to enter.
115. Multiple Choice: When considering the properties of al... Question Answer
Points: 5
When considering the properties of all cellular life, what two ways can be used to define cells? biochemical catalysts and genetic coding systems differentiating entities and genetic coding devices self-propelled units and genetic coding systems biochemical catalysts and self-propelled units
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should take into consideration processes that enable cells to utilize nutrients from the environment.
116. Multiple Choice: When does evidence suggest that life ... Question Answer
Points: 5
When does evidence suggest that life first arose on Earth? ~ 3.8 × 103 years ago ~ 3.8 × 106 years ago ~ 3.8 × 109 years ago ~ 3.8 × 1012 years ago
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Microbial life on Earth is ancient.
117. Multiple Choice: Which early microbiologist studied th... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which early microbiologist studied the large filamentous sulfur bacterium, later called Beggiatoa? Robert Hooke Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ferdinand Cohn Robert Koch
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The correct microbiologist was a German botanist who was a contemporary of Pasteur.
118. Multiple Choice: Which of the following are the correc... Question Answer
Which of the following are the correct sequential processes involved in protein synthesis? translation and transcription replication and transcription replication and translation
Points: 5
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transcription and translation
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. First gene information for the synthesis of a specific protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA); mRNA is then decoded by ribosomes.
119. Multiple Choice: Which of the following attributes mak... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following attributes make some microorganisms ideal model systems for studying life's basic processes? They have low mutation rates. Their limited diversity allows thorough characterization of basic processes. They grow to high cell densities in a short amount of time. Most microorganisms cause disease and are at the center of human activity.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. These characteristics make scientific studies easier and faster to perform.
120. Multiple Choice: Which of the following cellular prope... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following cellular properties is NOT found in all cells? differentiation metabolism evolution growth
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This property is common to all cells. Certain cells have specialized functions.
121. Multiple Choice: Which of the following characteristic... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following characteristics was found in the earliest cellular organisms? photosynthesis anaerobic metabolism membrane-bound nucleus multicellularity
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider Earth's early atmospheric conditions.
122. Multiple Choice: Which of the following discoveries by... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following discoveries by Louis Pasteur came first? the significance of optical isomers the defeat of the theory of spontaneous generation the role of microorganisms in fermentation the development of a vaccine for rabies
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Pasteur was first a chemist who then applied what he learned about chemistry to solve biological problems.
Page 24 of 29
Points: 5
123. Multiple Choice: Which of the following habitats is ho... Question Answer
Which of the following habitats is home to the largest percentage of microbial biomass on Earth? marine subsurface terrestrial subsurface freshwater lakes surface soil
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Most microbes are found where essential nutrients are available and where there is space to grow.
Points: 5
124. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a chara... Question Answer
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)? Its proteins were synthesized on ribosomes. Its genes were composed of RNA. Its cells were bound by a lipid membrane. It used ATP as a common energy currency.
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This is true. The LUCA had traits that are common to all life.
Points: 5
125. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a major... Question Answer
Which of the following is NOT a major phylogenetic lineage (or “domain”)? Eukarya Viridae Archaea Bacteria
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This is one of the three domains.
Points: 5
126. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a new s... Question Answer
Which of the following is NOT a new subdiscipline that has been created from the study of genomes? proteomics metabolomics transcriptomics ribosomics
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. New advances in genomics focus on exploration of RNA, proteins, and microbial metabolism.
127. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an acco... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur? determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation
Page 25 of 29
developed enrichment culture techniques developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals
128. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an impo... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following is NOT an important infectious disease in the developing world today? cholera tuberculosis Alzheimer's disease malaria
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This organism causes an infectious disease. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms.
129. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is/are cha... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which of the following is/are characteristic of ALL cellular organisms? communication evolution motility communication, evolution, and motility
130. Multiple Choice: Which of the following organisms was ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following organisms was studied by Robert Koch to help him develop his famous postulates? Vibrio cholerae Bacillus anthracis Escherichia coli Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Koch initially studied a disease caused by an endospore forming bacterium.
131. Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is ... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Microbial cells exist as single cells. Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently. Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses. Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and animals.
132. Multiple Choice: Which of the following describe... Question Answer
Which of the following describes a group of cells derived from one “parental” cell? habitat
Points: 5
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microbial ecosystem population microbial community
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This term describes the interaction of one group of cells with other organisms or the environment.
133. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be an ex... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following would be an example of applied microbial research? experiments that test a hypothesis concerning cell-cell communication studies on the mechanisms of endospore formation studies about how cells control DNA replication experiments that test a hypothesis to improve wastewater treatment
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Applied research focuses on how microbial processes can benefit society and Earth; in comparison, basic research focuses on the fundamental processes of life.
134. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be an ex... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following would be an example of basic microbiology research? experiments that test a hypothesis about improved cheese production studies on how cells respond to DNA damage by triggering a repair pathway studies on how to prevent the loss of soil fertility due to the activity of microorganisms experiments that produce a novel vaccine to prevent tuberculosis
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Basic research focuses on the fundamental processes of life, whereas applied research focuses on how microbial processes can benefit society and Earth.
135. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be an ex... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which of the following would be an example of bioremediation of an oil spill in a marine environment? adding nutrients that stimulate indigenous microorganisms to degrade the oil burning the oil physically removing the oil by binding it to absorbent chemicals skimming the surface of the water and collecting the oil
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Beneficial microbes can degrade the chemicals in oil when limiting chemicals are provided.
136. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would generall... Question Answer
Which of the following would generally not be considered a subdiscipline of applied microbiology? biotechnology agricultural microbiology medical microbiology microbial systematics
Points: 5
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Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Applied microbiology generally focuses on solving specific problems or in synthesizing commercial products from microbial sources.
137. Multiple Choice: Which scientific objective is LEAST r... Question Answer
Points: 10
Which scientific objective is LEAST related to microbial genetics? determining the ancestral origin of a recently discovered bacterium identifying mutations in a bacterial population identifying quorum sensing interactions among bacteria manipulating a microorganism for bioremediation
138. Multiple Choice: Which statement is TRUE? Question Answer
Points: 10
Which statement is TRUE? Populations are assemblages of microbial communities. Microbial communities are assemblages of populations. Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities. Populations are assemblages of habitats.
139. Multiple Choice: Which types of organisms are the most... Question Answer
Points: 5
Which types of organisms are the most important for the maintenance of life on Earth? microorganisms plants animals humans
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. Your answer should take into consideration what organism maintains nutrient levels and assists in the recycling of waste products.
140. Multiple Choice: Who isolated in pure culture the firs... Question Answer
Points: 5
Who isolated in pure culture the first nitrogen-fixing bacterium? Winogradsky Cohn Beijerinck Koch
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. This first nitrogen-fixing organism was a strict anaerobe and was isolated by a Russian microbiologist.
141. Multiple Choice: Who showed that viruses were filterab... Question Answer
Who showed that viruses were filterable agents that were smaller than bacteria? Beijerinck
Points: 5
Page 28 of 29
Pasteur Koch Winogradsky
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider which of these scientists were working to isolate the infectious agent of tobacco mosaic disease.
142. Multiple Choice: Who was the amateur microscopist who ... Question Answer
Points: 5
Who was the amateur microscopist who first published drawings of bacteria? Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ferdinand Cohn Louis Pasteur Robert Hooke Robert Koch
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. The first drawings of bacteria were published in the proceedings of the Royal Society of London in the late seventeenth century.
143. Multiple Choice: Who was the scientist that discovered... Question Answer
Points: 5
Who was the scientist that discovered endospores? Cohn Koch Hooke Pasteur
Correct
Correct!
Incorrect
Incorrect. You should consider which of the scientists was interested in heat resistant bacteria.
144. Essay: Why is it incorrect to say that an ob...
Points: 10
Question
Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile?
Answer
Sterile means the absence of all living organisms. Something is either sterile or it is not. Other are used to describe objects that have been cleaned but are not sterile, such as disinfected.
145. Multiple Choice: ________ produced by microbial fermen... Question
Answer
Points: 10
________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product. Biodiesel / biotechnologists Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists Ethanol / biotechnologists Ethanol / industrial microbiologists
146. Multiple Choice: ________ was the first to describe mi... Question
Points: 10
________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.
Page 29 of 29
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook
Answer
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
147. Multiple Choice: ________ was the first to identify a ... Question
Points: 10
________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________. Martinus Beijerinck / heteroautotrophy
Answer
Martinus Beijerinck / chemolithotrophy Sergei Winogradsky / heteroautotrophy Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy
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