Fortigate Load Balancing 54 1w5q6s

set type server-load-balance set server-type https set ssl-algorithm custom config ssl-cipher-suites edit 0 set cipher ?

In most configurations the matching cipher suite is automatically selected.

Load Balancing for FortiOS 5.4 Fortinet Technologies Inc.

6

New load balancing features in FortiOS 5.4

Introduction

All of these cipher suites are available to all of FortiOS's implementations of SSL but the complete list of ed cipher suites is only viewable using the above command. You can also use the above command to limit the set of cipher suites that are available for a given SSL offloading configuration. For example, use the following command to limit an SSL load balancing configuration to use the three cipher suites that ChaCha20 and Poly1305: config firewall vip edit set type server-load-balance set server-type https set ssl-algorithm custom config ssl-cipher-suites edit 1 set cipher TLS-ECDHE-RSA-WITH-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256 next edit 2 set cipher TLS-ECDHE-ECDSA-WITH-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256 next edit 3 set cipher TLS-DHE-RSA-WITH-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256 end end

7


Configuring load balancing

New load balancing features in FortiOS 5.4

Configuring load balancing This section describes how to use the FortiOS server load balancing to load balance traffic to multiple backend servers. You can configure FortiOS load balancing to intercept incoming traffic with a virtual server and distribute it among one or more backend real servers. By doing so, FortiOS enables multiple real servers to respond as if they were a single device or virtual server. This in turn means that more simultaneous requests can be handled by the servers.

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Server load balancing configuration

FortiGate unit

Traffic can be balanced across multiple backend real servers based on a selection of load balancing methods including static (failover), round robin, weighted to for different sized servers, or based on the health and performance of the server including round trip time, number of connections. The load balancer can balance layer 7 HTTP, HTTPS, SSL, generic layer 4 T, UDP and generic layer 3 IP protocols. Session persistence is ed based on injected HTTP/HTTPS cookies or the SSL session ID. You can bind up to 8 real servers can to one virtual server. The real server topology is transparent to end s, and the s interact with the system as if it were only a single server with the IP address and port number of the virtual server. The real servers may be interconnected by high-speed LAN or by geographically dispersed WAN.


8

Load balancing and other FortiOS features


The FortiGate unit schedules requests to the real servers and makes parallel services of the virtual server to appear to involve a single IP address. There are additional benefits to load balancing. First, because the load is distributed across multiple servers, the service being provided can be highly available. If one of the servers breaks down, the load can still be handled by the other servers. Secondly, this increases scalability. If the load increases substantially, more servers can be added behind the FortiGate unit in order to cope with the increased load.

Load balancing and other FortiOS features Flow-based and proxy-based security features such as virus scanning, IPS, DLP, application control, and web filtering can be applied to load balanced sessions. This includes SSL offloading and multiplexing. Applying these UTM features to load balancing traffic may reduce load balancing performance. Authentication is not ed for load balancing sessions. Usually FortiGate load balancing is used to allow public access to services on servers protected by a FortiGate unit. Authentication is not generally not required for this kind of configuration. Features such web proxying, web caching, and WAN optimization also do not work with load balanced sessions. However, most other features that can be applied by a security policy are ed.

Configuring load balancing from the web-based manager A virtual server is a specialized firewall virtual IP that performs server load balancing. From the web-based manager you add load balancing virtual server by going to Policy & Objects > Virtual Servers.

Name Enter the name for the virtual server.

Type Select the protocol to be load balanced by the virtual server. If you select a general protocol such as IP, T, or UDP the virtual server load balances all IP, T, or UDP sessions. If you select specific protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, or SSL you can apply additional server load balancing features such as Persistence and HTTP Multiplexing. l

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Select HTTP to load balance only HTTP sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced (usually port 80 for HTTP sessions). You can also select HTTP Multiplex. You can also set Persistence to HTTP Cookie to select cookie-based persistence. Select HTTP to load balance only HTTP sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced (usually port 80 for HTTP sessions). You can also select HTTP Multiplex. You can also set Persistence to HTTP Cookie to select cookie-based persistence. Select HTTPS to load balance only HTTPS sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced (usually port 443 for HTTPS sessions). You can also select Multiplex HTTP requests/responses. You can also set



Configuring load balancing from the web-based manager

Persistence to HTTP Cookie to select cookie-based persistence. You can also set Persistence to SSL Session ID. l

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Select IMAPS to load balance only IMAPS sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced (usually port 993 for IMAPS sessions). You can also set Persistence to SSL Session ID. Select POP3S to load balance only POP3S sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced (usually port 995 for POP3S sessions). You can also set Persistence to SSL Session ID. Select SMTPS to load balance only SMTPS sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced (usually port 465 for SMTPS sessions). You can also set Persistence to SSL Session ID. Select SSL to load balance only SSL sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced. Select T to load balance only T sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced. Select UDP to load balance only UDP sessions with destination port number that matches the Virtual Server Port setting. Change Virtual Server Port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced. Select IP to load balance all sessions accepted by the security policy that contains this virtual server.

Interface Select the virtual server external interface from the list. The external interface is connected to the source network and receives the packets to be forwarded to the destination network.

Virtual Server IP The IP address of the virtual server. This is an IP address on the external interface that you want to map to an address on the destination network.

Virtual Server Port Enter the external port number that you want to map to a port number on the destination network. Sessions with this destination port are load balanced by this virtual server.

Load Balance Method Select the load balancing method used by the virtual server.

Persistence Configure persistence to make sure that a is connected to the same server every time they make a request that is part of the same session. Session persistence is ed for HTTP and SSL sessions.

HTTP Multiplexing Select to use the FortiGate unit to multiplex multiple client connections into a few connections between the FortiGate unit and the real server.


10

Configuring load balancing from the CLI


Preserve Client IP Select to preserve the IP address of the client in the X-Forwarded-For HTTP header. This can be useful if you want log messages on the real servers to the client’s original IP address. If this option is not selected, the header will contain the IP address of the FortiGate unit. This option appears only if HTTP or HTTS are selected for Type, and is available only if HTTP Multiplexing is selected.

SSL Offloading Select to accelerate clients’ SSL connections to the server by using the Fortinet FortiGate unit to perform SSL operations, then select which segments of the connection will receive SSL offloading.

Certificate Select the certificate to use with SSL Offloading. The certificate key size must be 1024 or 2048 bits. 4096-bit keys are not ed. This option appears only if HTTPS or SSL are selected for Type, and is available only if SSL Offloading is selected.

Health Check Select which health check monitor configuration will be used to determine a server’s connectivity status.

Configuring load balancing from the CLI From the CLI you configure load balancing by adding a firewall virtual IP and setting the virtual IP type to server load balance: config firewall vip edit Vserver-HTTP-1 set type server-load-balance ...

A virtual server includes a virtual server IP address bound to an interface. The virtual server IP address is the destination address incoming packets to be load balanced and the virtual server is bound to the interface that receives the packets to be load balanced. For example, if you want to load balance incoming HTTP traffic from the Internet to a group of web servers on a DMZ network, the virtual server IP address is the known Internet IP address of the web servers and the virtual server binds this IP address to the FortiGate interface connected to the Internet. When you bind the virtual server’s external IP address to a FortiGate unit interface, by default, the network interface responds to ARP requests for the bound IP address. Virtual servers use proxy ARP, as defined in RFC 1027, so that the FortiGate unit can respond to ARP requests on a network for a real server that is actually installed on another network. In some cases you may not want the network interface sending ARP replies. You can use the arp-reply option disable sending ARP replies: config firewall vip edit Vserver-HTTP-1 set type server-load-balance

11



Load balancing methods

set arp-reply disable ...

The load balancing virtual server configuration also includes the virtual server port. This is the T port on the bound interface that the virtual server listens for traffic to be load balanced on. The virtual server can listen on any port.

Load balancing methods The load balancing method defines how sessions are load balanced to real servers. A number of load balancing methods are available as listed below. All load balancing methods will not send traffic to real servers that are down or not responding. However, the FortiGate unit can only determine if a real server is not responding by using a health check monitor. You should always add at least one health check monitor to a virtual server or to individual real servers, or load balancing methods may attempt to distribute sessions to real servers that are not functioning.

Source IP Hash The traffic load is statically spread evenly across all real servers. However, sessions are not assigned according to how busy individual real servers are. This load balancing method provides some persistence because all sessions from the same source address always go to the same real server. However, the distribution is stateless, so if a real server is added or removed (or goes up or down) the distribution is changed and persistence could be lost.

Round Robin Directs new requests to the next real server, and treats all real servers as equals regardless of response time or number of connections. Dead real servers or non responsive real servers are avoided.

Weighted Real servers with a higher weight value receive a larger percentage of connections. Set the real server weight when adding a real server.

First Alive Always directs sessions to the first alive real server. This load balancing schedule provides real server failover protection by sending all sessions to the first alive real server and if that real server fails, sending all sessions to the next alive real server. Sessions are not distributed to all real servers so all sessions are processed by the “first” real server only. First refers to the order of the real servers in the virtual server configuration. For example, if you add real servers A, B and C in that order, then all sessions always go to A as long as it is alive. If A goes down then sessions go to B and if B goes down sessions go to C. If A comes back up sessions go back to A. Real servers are ordered in the virtual server configuration in the order in which you add them, with the most recently added real server last. If you want to change the order you must delete and re-add real servers in the required order.

Least RTT Directs sessions to the real server with the least round trip time. The round trip time is determined by a Ping health check monitor and is defaulted to 0 if no Ping health check monitors are added to the virtual server.


12

Session persistence


Least Session Directs requests to the real server that has the least number of current connections. This method works best in environments where the real servers or other equipment you are load balancing all have similar capabilities. This load balancing method uses the FortiGate session table to track the number of sessions being processed by each real server. The FortiGate unit cannot detect the number of sessions actually being processed by a real server.

HTTP Host Load balances HTTP host connections across multiple real servers using the host’s HTTP header to guide the connection to the correct real server.

Session persistence Use persistence to make sure that a is connected to the same real server every time they make an HTTP, HTTPS, or SSL request that is part of the same session. For example, if you are load balancing HTTP and HTTPS sessions to a collection of eCommerce web servers, when a is making a purchase they will be starting multiple sessions as they navigate the eCommerce site. In most cases all of the sessions started by this during on eCommerce session should be processed by the same real server. Typically, the HTTP protocol keeps track of these related sessions using cookies. HTTP cookie persistence makes sure that all sessions that are part of the same session are processed by the same real server When you configure persistence, the FortiGate unit load balances a new session to a real server according to the load balance method. If the session has an HTTP cookie or an SSL session ID, the FortiGate unit sends all subsequent sessions with the same HTTP cookie or SSL session ID to the same real server. For more information about HTTP and HTTPS persistence, see “HTTP and HTTPS persistence”.

Real servers Add real servers to a load balancing virtual server to provide the information the virtual server requires to be able to send sessions to the server. A real server configuration includes the IP address of the real server and port number that the real server receives sessions on. The FortiGate unit sends sessions to the real server’s IP address using the destination port number in the real server configuration. When configuring a real server you can also specify the weight (used if the load balance method is set to weighted) and you can limit the maximum number of open connections between the FortiGate unit and the real server. If the maximum number of connections is reached for the real server, the FortiGate unit will automatically switch all further connection requests other real servers until the connection number drops below the specified limit. Setting Maximum Connections to 0 means that the FortiGate unit does not limit the number of connections to the real server.

Real server active, standby, and disabled modes By default the real server mode setting is active indicating that the real server is available to receive connections. If the real server is removed from the network (for example, for routine maintenance or because of a hardware or

13



Real servers

software failure) you can change the mode to standby or disabled. In disabled mode the FortiGate unit no longer sends sessions to the real server. If a real server is in standby mode the FortiGate also does not send sessions to it unless other real servers added to the same virtual server become unavailable. For example: l

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A virtual server that includes two real servers one in active mode and one in standby mode. If the real server in active mode fails, the real server in standby mode is changed to active mode and all sessions are sent to this real server. A virtual server includes three real servers, two in active mode and one in standby mode, if one of the real servers in active mode fails, the real server in standby mode is changed to active mode and sessions are load balanced between it and still operating real server. If both real servers in active mode fail, all sessions are sent to the real server in standby mode.

Adding real servers from the web-based manager To add a real server from the web-based manager go to Policy & Objects > Real Servers.

Virtual Server Select the virtual server that will send sessions to this real server.

IP Address Enter the IP address of the real server.

Port Enter the port number on the destination network to which the external port number is mapped.

Weight Enter the weight value of the real server. The higher the weight value, the higher the percentage of connections the server will handle. A range of 1-255 can be used. This option is available only if the associated virtual server’s load balance method is Weighted.

Max Connections Enter the limit on the number of active connections directed to a real server. A range of 1-99999 can be used. If the maximum number of connections is reached for the real server, the FortiGate unit will automatically switch all further connection requests to another server until the connection number drops below the specified limit. Setting Maximum Connections to 0 means that the FortiGate unit does not limit the number of connections to the real server.

HTTP Host Enter the HTTP header for load balancing across multiple real servers. This feature is used for load balancing HTTP host connections across multiple real servers using the host’s HTTP header to guide the connection to the correct real server, providing better load balancing for those specific connections.


14

Health check monitoring


Mode Select a mode for the real server.

Adding real servers from the CLI To add a real server from the CLI you configure a virtual server and add real servers to it. For example, to add three real servers to a virtual server that load balances UDP sessions on port 8190 using weighted load balancing. For each real server the port is not changed. The default real server port is 0 resulting in the traffic being sent the real server with destination port 8190. Each real sever is given a different weight. Servers with higher weights have a max-connections limit to prevent too many sessions from being sent to them. config firewall vip edit Vserver-UDP-1 set type server-load-balance set server-type udp set ldb-method weighted set extip 172.20.120.30 set extintf wan1 set extport 8190 set monitor ping-mon-1 config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.31.101.30 set weight 100 set max-connections 10000 next edit 2 set ip 10.31.101.40 set weight 100 set max-connections 10000 next edit 3 set ip 10.31.101.50 set weight 10 end end

Health check monitoring From the FortiGate web-based manager you can go to Policy & Objects > Health Check and configure health check monitoring so that the FortiGate unit can that real servers are able respond to network connection attempts. If a real server responds to connection attempts the load balancer continues to send sessions to it. If a real server stops responding to connection attempts the load balancer assumes that the server is down and does not send sessions to it. The health check monitor configuration determines how the load balancer tests the real servers. You can use a single health check monitor for multiple load balancing configurations. You can configure T, HTTP and Ping health check monitors. Usually you would want the health check monitor to use the same protocol for checking the health of the server as the traffic being load balanced to it. For example, for an HTTP load balancing configuration you would normally use an HTTP health check monitor.

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Health check monitoring

For the T and HTTP health check monitors you can specify the destination port to use to connect to the real servers. If you set the port to 0, the health check monitor uses the port defined in the real server. This allows you to use the same health check monitor for multiple real servers using different ports. You can also configure the interval, timeout and retry. A health check occurs every number of seconds indicated by the interval. If a reply is not received within the timeout period the health check is repeated. If no response is received after the number of configured retires, the virtual server is considered unresponsive, and load balancing will disabling traffic to that real server. The health check monitor will continue to the real server and if successful, the load balancer can resume sending sessions to the recovered real server. For HTTP health check monitors, you can add URL that the FortiGate unit connects to when sending a get request to check the health of a HTTP server. The URL should match an actual URL for the real HTTP servers. The URL is optional. The URL would not usually include an IP address or domain name. Instead it should start with a “/” and be followed by the address of an actual web page on the real server. For example, if the IP address of the real server is 10.31.101.30, the URL “/test_page.htm” causes the FortiGate unit to send an HTTP get request to “http://10.31.101.30/test_page.htm”. For HTTP health check monitors, you can also add a matched content phrase that a real HTTP server should include in response to the get request sent by the FortiGate unit using the content of the URL option. If the URL returns a web page, the matched content should exactly match some of the text on the web page. You can use the URL and Matched Content options to that an HTTP server is actually operating correctly by responding to get requests with expected web pages. Matched content is only required if you add a URL. For example, you can set matched content to “server test page” if the real HTTP server page defined by the URL option contains the phrase “server test page”. When the FortiGate unit receives the web page in response to the URL get request, the system searches the content of the web page for the matched content phrase.

Name Enter the name of the health check monitor configuration.

Type Select the protocol used to perform the health check. l

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Port Enter the port number used to perform the health check. If you set the Port to 0, the health check monitor uses the port defined in the real server. This way you can use a single health check monitor for different real servers. This option does not appear if the Type is PING.

Interval Enter the number of seconds between each server health check.


16

Load balancing limitations


URL For HTTP health check monitors, add a URL that the FortiGate unit uses when sending a get request to check the health of a HTTP server. The URL should match an actual URL for the real HTTP servers. The URL is optional. The URL would not usually include an IP address or domain name. Instead it should start with a “/” and be followed by the address of an actual web page on the real server. For example, if the IP address of the real server is 10.10.10.1, the URL “/test_page.htm” causes the FortiGate unit to send an HTTP get request to “http://10.10.10.1/test_page.htm”. This option appears only if Type is HTTP.

Matched Content For HTTP health check monitors, add a phrase that a real HTTP server should include in response to the get request sent by the FortiGate unit using the content of the URL option. If the URL returns a web page, the Matched Content should exactly match some of the text on the web page. You can use the URL and Matched Content options to that an HTTP server is actually operating correctly by responding to get requests with expected web pages. Matched content is only required if you add a URL. For example, you can set Matched Content to “server test page” if the real HTTP server page defined by the URL option contains the phrase “server test page”. When the FortiGate unit receives the web page in response to the URL get request, the system searches the content of the web page for the Matched Content phrase. This option appears only if Type is HTTP.

Timeout Enter the number of seconds which must after the server health check to indicate a failed health check.

Retry Enter the number of times, if any, a failed health check will be retried before the server is determined to be inaccessible.

Load balancing limitations The following limitations apply when adding virtual IPs, load balancing virtual servers, and load balancing real servers. Load balancing virtual servers are actually server load balancing virtual IPs. You can add server load balance virtual IPs from the CLI. l

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A virtual IP Mapped IP Address/Range cannot be 0.0.0.0 or 255.255.255.255.

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A real server IP cannot be 0.0.0.0 or 255.255.255.255.

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Virtual IP External IP Address/Range entries or ranges cannot overlap with each other or with load balancing virtual server Virtual Server IP entries.

If a static NAT virtual IP External IP Address/Range is 0.0.0.0, the Mapped IP Address/Range must be a single IP address.



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Monitoring load balancing

If a load balance virtual IP External IP Address/Range is 0.0.0.0, the Mapped IP Address/Range can be an address range. When port forwarding, the count of mapped port numbers and external port numbers must be the same. The webbased manager does this automatically but the CLI does not. Virtual IP and virtual server names must be different from firewall address or address group names.

Monitoring load balancing From the web-based manager you can go to Monitor > Load Balance Monitor to monitor the status of configured virtual servers and real server and start or stop the real servers. You can also use the get test ipldb command from the CLI to display similar information. For each real server the monitor displays health status (up or down), active sessions, round trip time and the amount of bytes of data processed. From the monitor page you can also stop sending new sessions to any real server. When you select to stop sending sessions the FortiGate unit performs of graceful stop by continuing to send data for sessions that were established or persistent before you selected stop. However, no new sessions are started.

Virtual Server The IP addresses of the existing virtual servers.

Real Server The IP addresses of the existing real servers.

Health Status Displays the health status according to the health check results for each real server. A green arrow means the server is up. A red arrow means the server is down.

Mode The mode of the health check monitor. Can be active, standby, or disabled.

Monitor Events Display each real server’s up and down times.

Active Sessions Display each real server’s active sessions.

RTT (ms) Displays the Round Trip TIme (RTT) of each real server. By default, the RTT is “<1”. This value will change only when ping monitoring is enabled on a real server.


18

Load balancing diagnose commands


Bytes Processed Displays the traffic processed by each real server.

Graceful Stop/Start Select to start or stop real servers. When stopping a server, the FortiGate unit will not accept new sessions but will wait for the active sessions to finish.

Load balancing diagnose commands You can also use the following diagnose commands to view status information for load balancing virtual servers and real servers: diagnose firewall vip realserver {down | flush | healthcheck | list | up} diagnose firewall vip virtual-server {filter | log | real-server | session | stats}

For example, the following command lists and displays status information for all real servers: diagnose firewall vip virtual-server real-server vd root/0 vs vs/2 addr 10.31.101.30:80 status 1/1 conn: max 0 active 0 attempts 0 success 0 drop 0 fail 0 vd root/0 vs vs/2 addr 10.31.101.20:80 status 1/1 conn: max 0 active 0 attempts 0 success 0 drop 0 fail 0

Many of the diagnostic commands involve retrieving information about one or more virtual servers. To control which servers are queried you can define a filter: diagnose firewall vip virtual-server filter

Where can be: l

clear erase the current filter

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dst the destination address range to filter by

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dst-port the destination port range to filter by

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list display the current filter

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name the vip name to filter by

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negate negate the specified filter parameter

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src the source address range to filter by

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src-port the source port range to filter by

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vd index of virtual domain. -1 matches all

The default filter is empty so no filtering is done.

Logging Diagnostics The logging diagnostics provide information about two separate features: diagnose firewall vip virtual-server log {console | filter}

Where

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Load balancing diagnose commands

console {disable | enable} enables or disables displaying the event log messages generated by virtual server traffic on the console to simplify debugging. filter sets a filter for the virtual server debug log The filter option controls what entries the virtual server daemon will log to the console if diagnose debug application vs level is non-zero. The filtering can be done on source, destination, virtual-server name, virtual domain, and so on: diagnose firewall vip virtual-server log filter

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clear erase the current filter

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dst the destination address range to filter by

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dst-port the destination port range to filter by

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list display the current filter

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name the virtual-server name to filter by

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negate negate the specified filter parameter

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src the source address range to filter by

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src-port the source port range to filter by

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vd index of virtual domain. -1 matches all

The default filter is empty so no filtering is done.

Real server diagnostics Enter the following command to list all the real servers: diag firewall vip virtual-server real-server list

In the following example there is only one virtual server called slb and it has two real-servers: diag firewall vip virtual-server server vd root/0 vs slb/2 addr 172.16.67.191:80 status 1/1 conn: max 10 active 0 attempts 0 success 0 drop 0 fail 0 http: available 0 total 0 vd root/0 vs slb/2 addr 172.16.67.192:80 status 1/1 conn: max 10 active 1 attempts 4 success 4 drop 0 fail 0 http: available 1 total 1

The status indicates the istrative and operational status of the real-server. l l

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max indicates that the real-server will only allow 10 concurrent connections. active is the number of current connections to the server attempts is the total number of connections attempted success is the total number of connections that were successful. drop is the total number of connections that were dropped because the active count hit max. fail is the total number of connections that failed to complete due to some internal problem (for example, lack of memory).

If the virtual server has HTTP multiplexing enabled then the HTTP section indicates how many established connections to the real-sever are available to service a HTTP request and also the total number of connections.


20

Basic load balancing configuration example


Basic load balancing configuration example This section describes the steps required to configure the load balancing configuration shown below. In this configuration a FortiGate-51B unit is load balancing HTTP traffic from the Internet to three HTTP servers on the Internal network. HTTP sessions are accepted at the wan1 interface with destination IP address 172.20.120.121 on T port 8080 and forwarded from the internal interface to the web servers. When forwarded the destination address of the sessions is translated to the IP address of one of the web servers. The load balancing configuration also includes session persistence using HTTP cookies, round-robin load balancing, and T health monitoring for the real servers. Ping health monitoring consists of the FortiGate unit using ICMP ping to make sure the web servers can respond to network traffic.

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To configure the example load balancing configuration - general configuration steps 1. Add a load balance ping health check monitor. A ping health check monitor causes the FortiGate unit to ping the real servers every 10 seconds. If one of the servers does not respond within 2 seconds, the FortiGate unit will retry the ping 3 times before assuming that the HTTP server is not responding. 2. Add a load balance virtual server.

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3. Add the three load balance real servers. Include the virtual server in each real server configuration. 4. Add a security policy that includes the load balance virtual server as the destination address.

To configure the example load balancing configuration - web-based manager 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Health Check and add the following health check monitor. Name

Ping-mon-1

Type

Ping

Interval

10 seconds

Timeout

2 seconds

Retry

3

2. Go to Policy & Objects > Virtual Servers and add virtual server that accepts the traffic to be load balanced. Name

Vserver-HTTP-1

Type

HTTP

Interface

wan1

Virtual Server IP

172.20.120.121

Virtual Server Port

8080

Load Balance Method

Round Robin

Persistence

HTTP Cookie

HTTP Multiplexing

Do not select

Health Check

Move Ping-mon-1 to the Selected list.

3. Go to Policy & Objects > Real Servers and add the real servers. Virtual Server

Vserver-HTTP-1

IP Address

10.31.101.30

Port

80

Weight

n/a

Max Connections

0

Mode

Active

Virtual Server

Vserver-HTTP-1

IP Address

10.31.101.40


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Port

80

Weight

n/a

Max Connections

0

Mode

Active

Virtual Server

Vserver-HTTP-1

IP Address

10.31.101.50

Port

80

Weight

n/a

Max Connections

0

Mode

Active


4. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and add a wan1 to internal security policy that includes the virtual server. This policy also applies an Antivirus profile to the load balanced sessions. Incoming Interface

wan1

Source Address

all

Outgoing Interface

internal

Destination Address

Vserver-HTTP-1

Schedule

always

Service

ALL

Action

ACCEPT

NAT

Turn on NAT and select Use Destination Interface Address.

Antivirus

Turn ON and select an Antivirus profile.

5. Select OK.

To configure the example load balancing configuration- CLI 1. Use the following command to add a Ping health check monitor. config firewall ldb-monitor edit ping-mon-l set type ping set interval 10 set timeout 2 set retry 3 end

2. Use the following command to add the virtual server that accepts HTTP sessions on port 8080 at the wan1 interface and load balances the traffic to three real servers.

23



HTTP and HTTPS load balancing, multiplexing, and persistence

config firewall vip edit Vserver-HTTP-1 set type server-load-balance set server-type http set ldb-method round-robin set extip 172.20.120.30 set extintf wan1 set extport 8080 set persistence http-cookie set monitor t-mon-1 config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.31.101.30 set port 80 next edit 2 set ip 10.31.101.40 set port 80 end end

3. Use the following command to add a security policy that includes the load balance virtual server as the destination address. config firewall policy edit 0 set srcintf wan1 set srcaddr all set dstintf internal set dstaddr Vserver-HTTP-1 set action accept set schedule always set service ALL set nat enable set utm-status enable set profile-protocol-options default set av-profile scan end

HTTP and HTTPS load balancing, multiplexing, and persistence In a firewall load balancing virtual server configuration, you can select HTTP to load balance only HTTP sessions. The virtual server will load balance HTTP sessions received at the virtual server interface with destination IP address that matches the configured virtual server IP and destination port number that matches the configured virtual server port. The default virtual server port for HTTP load balancing is 80, but you can change this to any port number. Similarly for HTTPS load balancing, set the virtual server type to HTTPS and then select the interface, virtual server IP, and virtual server port that matches the HTTPS traffic to be load balanced. Usually HTTPS traffic uses port 443. You can also configure load balancing to offload SSL processing for HTTPS and SSL traffic. See


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HTTP and HTTPS multiplexing For both HTTP and HTTPS load balancing you can multiplex HTTP requests and responses over a single T connection. HTTP multiplexing is a performance saving feature of HTTP/1.1 compliant web servers that provides the ability to pipeline many unrelated HTTP or HTTPS requests on the same connection. This allows a single HTTPD process on the server to interleave and serve multiple requests. The result is fewer idle sessions on the web server so server resources are used more efficiently. HTTP multiplexing can take multiple separate inbound sessions and multiplex them over the same internal session. This may reduce the load on the backend server and increase the overall performance. HTTP multiplexing may improve performance in some cases. For example, if s web browsers are only compatible with HTTP 1.0. HTTP multiplexing can also improve performance between a web server and the FortiGate unit if the FortiGate unit is performing SSL acceleration. However, in most cases HTTP multiplexing should only be used if enabling it leads to a measurable improvement in performance. To enable HTTP multiplexing from the web-based manager, select multiplex HTTP requests/responses over a single T connection. To enable HTTP multiplexing from the CLI enable the http-multiplex option.

Preserving the client IP address Select preserve client IP from the web-based manager or enable the http-ip-header option from the CLI to preserve the IP address of the client in the X-Forwarded-For HTTP header. This can be useful in an HTTP multiplexing configuration if you want log messages on the real servers to the client’s original IP address. If this option is not selected, the header will contain the IP address of the FortiGate unit.

Preserving the client IP address but changing the X-Forwarded-For header name If you select preserve client IP from the web-based manager or enable the http-ip-header option from the CLI you can also change the name of the X-Forwarded-For header to a custom header name. This can be useful if you want to use a custom header name instead of the standard header name. You can configure changing the header name from the CLI. When http-ip-header is enabled you can add a custom header name to the http-ip-header-name option. If you don’t add a custom header name the XForwarded-For header name is maintained.

HTTP and HTTPS persistence Configure load balancing persistence for HTTP or HTTPS to make sure that a is connected to the same server every time they make a request that is part of the same session. HTTP cookie persistence uses injected cookies to enable persistence. When you configure persistence, the FortiGate unit load balances a new session to a real server according to the Load Balance Method. If the session has an HTTP cookie or an SSL session ID, the FortiGate unit sends all subsequent sessions with the same HTTP cookie or SSL session ID to the same real server. The following example shows how to enable cookie persistence and set the cookie domain to .example.org. config firewall vip edit HTTP_Load_Balance set type server-load-balance set server-type http set extport 8080 set extintf port2 set extip 192.168.20.20

25




set persistence http-cookie set http-cookie-domain .example.org config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.10.10.1 set port 80 next edit 2 set ip 10.10.10.2 set port 80 next edit 3 set ip 10.10.10.3 set port 80 end

How HTTP cookie persistence options work The following options are available for the config firewall vip command when type is set to serverload-balance, server-type is set to http or https and persistence is set to http-cookie: http-cookie-domain-from-host http-cookie-domain http-cookie-path http-cookie-generation http-cookie-age http-cookie-share https-cookie-share

When HTTP cookie persistence is enabled the FortiGate unit inserts a header of the following form into each HTTP response unless the corresponding HTTP request already contains a FGTServer cookie: Set-Cookie: FGTServer=E7D01637C4B08E89A6714213A9D85D9C7E4D8158; Version=1; Max-Age=3600

The value of the FGTServer cookie encodes the server that traffic should be directed to. The value is encoded so as to not leak information about the internal network. Enable http-cookie-domain-from-host to extract the cookie domain from the host: header in the HTTP request. For example, to restrict the cookie to.server.com, enter: The generated cookies could have the following form if the Host: header contains exhost.com: Set-Cookie: FGTServer=E7D01637C4B08E89A6714213A9D85D9C7E4D8158; Version=1; Domain=.exhost.com; Max-Age=3600

For more information, see “HTTP host-based load balancing”. Use http-cookie-domain to restrict the domain that the cookie should apply to. For example, to restrict the cookie to.server.com, enter: set http-cookie-domain .server.com

Now all generated cookies will have the following form: Set-Cookie: FGTServer=E7D01637C4B08E89A6714213A9D85D9C7E4D8158; Version=1; Domain=.server.com; Max-Age=3600

Use http-cookie-path to limit the cookies to a particular path. For example, to limit cookies to the path /sales, enter: set http-cookie-path /sales

Now all generated cookies will have the following form:


26



Set-Cookie: FGTServer=E7D01637C4B08E89A6714213A9D85D9C7E4D8158; Version=1; Domain=.server.com; Path=/sales; Max-Age=3600

Use http-cookie-age to change how long the browser caches the cookie. You can enter an age in minutes or set the age to 0 to make the browser keep the cookie indefinitely: set http-cookie-age 0

Now all generated cookies will have the following form: Set-Cookie: FGTServer=E7D01637C4B08E89A6714213A9D85D9C7E4D8158; Version=1; Domain=.server.com; Path=/sales

Use http-cookie-generation to invalidate all cookies that have already been generated. The exact value of the generation is not important, only that it is different from any generation that has already been used for cookies in this domain. The simplest approach is to increment the generation by one each time invalidation is required. Since the default is 0, enter the following to invalidate all existing cookies: set http-cookie-generation 1

Use http-cookie-share {disable | same-ip} to control the sharing of cookies across virtual servers in the same virtual domain. The default setting same-ip means that any FGTServer cookie generated by one virtual server can be used by another virtual server in the same virtual domain. For example, if you have an application that starts on HTTP and then changes to HTTPS and you want to make sure that the same server is used for the HTTP and HTTPS traffic then you can create two virtual servers, one for port 80 (for HTTP) and one for port 443 (for HTTPS). As long as you add the same real servers to both of these virtual servers (and as long as both virtual servers have the same number of real servers with the same IP addresses), then cookies generated by accessing the HTTP server are reused when the application changes to the HTTPS server. If for any reason you do not want this sharing to occur then select disable to make sure that a cookie generated for a virtual server cannot be used by other virtual servers. Use https-cookie-secure to enable or disable using secure cookies. Secure cookies are disabled by default because secure cookies can interfere with cookie sharing across HTTP and HTTPS virtual servers. If enabled, then the Secure tag is added to the cookie inserted by the FortiGate unit: Set-Cookie: FGTServer=E7D01637C4B08E89A6714213A9D85D9C7E4D8158; Version=1; Max-Age=3600; Secure

HTTP host-based load balancing When configuring HTTP or HTTPS load balancing you can select HTTP host load balancing to load balances HTTP host connections across multiple real servers using the host’s HTTP header to guide the connection to the correct real server. HTTP 1.1 includes the concept of a virtual server which allows a HTTP or HTTPS server with a single external IP address to serve requests for multiple DNS domains by using the mandatory Host: header in a HTTP request to indicate which DNS domain the request is destined for. FortiOS can load-balance HTTP and HTTPS connections among multiple real servers using the Host: header to guide the connection to the correct real server. The host load balancing method allows a real server to specify a http-host attribute which is the domain name of the traffic for that real server. Each real server can only specify a single domain name. The same domain name can appear in more than one real server but only the first one that is up will be used, any others are purely for redundancy. If the Host: header contains a domain that does not match any http-host entry then the connection will be dropped. A real server with no http-host can be matched by any Host: domain. For example, consider a FortiGate unit that is load-balancing traffic to three real servers. Traffic for www.example1.com should go to 192.168.2.1, traffic for www.example2.com should go to 192.168.2.2 and traffic to any other domain should go to 192.168.2.3. To enable this configuration you would add a virtual server and set the load balance method to HTTP host. Then you would add three real servers and set the HTTP host of

27




the real server with IP address 192.168.2.1 to www.example1.com, the HTTP host of the real server with IP address 192.168.2.2 to www.example2.com and you would not specify an HTTP host for the third real server. The configuration of a virtual IP to achieve this result would be: config firewall vip edit "http-host-ldb" set type server-load-balance set extip 172.16.67.195 set extintf "lan" set server-type http set ldb-method http-host set extport 80 config realservers edit 1 set http-host "www.example1.com" set ip 192.168.2.1 set port 80 next edit 2 set http-host "www.example2.com" set ip 192.168.2.2 set port 80 next edit 3 set ip 192.168.2.3 set port 80 next end end

Host load balancing and HTTP cookie persistence In an HTTP host-based load balancing configuration with HTTP cookie persistence enabled you can optionally configure cookie persistence to use the domain set in the host header as the cookie domain. You can do this by enabling the http-cookie-domain-from-host option, for example: config firewall vip edit "http-host-ldb" set type server-load-balance set extip 172.16.67.195 set extintf "lan" set server-type http set ldb-method http-host set extport 80 set persistence http-cookie set http-cookie-domain-from-host enable config realservers edit 1 set http-host "www.example1.com" set ip 192.168.2.1 set port 80 next edit 2 set http-host "www.example2.com" set ip 192.168.2.2 set port 80 next


28

SSL/TLS load balancing


edit 3 set ip 192.168.2.3 set port 80 next end end

SSL/TLS load balancing In a firewall load balancing virtual server configuration, you can select SSL to load balance only SSL and TLS sessions. The virtual server will load balance SSL and TLS sessions received at the virtual server interface with destination IP address that matches the configured virtual server IP and destination port number that matches the configured virtual server port. Change this port to match the destination port of the sessions to be load balanced. For SSL load balancing you can also set persistence to SSL session ID. Persistence is achieved by the FortiGate unit sending all sessions with the same SSL session ID to the same real server. When you configure persistence, the FortiGate unit load balances a new session to a real server according to the Load Balance Method. If the session has an SSL session ID, the FortiGate unit sends all subsequent sessions with the same SSL session ID to the same real server.

SSL offloading Use SSL offloading to accelerate clients’ SSL or HTTPS connections to real servers by using the FortiGate unit to perform SSL operations (offloading them from the real servers using the FortiGate unit’s SSL acceleration hardware). FortiGate units can offload SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0. SSL offloading is available on FortiGate units that SSL acceleration. To configure SSL offloading from the web-based manager go to Policy & Objects > Virtual Servers. Add a virtual server and set the type to HTTPS or SSL and select the SSL offloading type (Client <-> FortiGate or Client <-> FortiGate <-> Server). Select Client <-> FortiGate to apply hardware accelerated SSL processing only to the part of the connection between the client and the FortiGate unit. This mode is called half mode SSL offloading. The segment between the FortiGate unit and the server will use clear text communications. This results in best performance, but cannot be used in failover configurations where the failover path does not have an SSL accelerator. Select Client <-> FortiGate <->Server to apply hardware accelerated SSL processing to both parts of the connection: the segment between client and the FortiGate unit, and the segment between the FortiGate unit and the server. This mode is called full mode SSL offloading. The segment between the FortiGate unit and the server will use encrypted communications, but the handshakes will be abbreviated. This results in performance which is less than the other option, but still improved over communications without SSL acceleration, and can be used in failover configurations where the failover path does not have an SSL accelerator. If the server is already configured to use SSL, this also enables SSL acceleration without requiring changes to the server’s configuration.

29




SSL Offloading modes

Web server cluster

FortiGate unit SSL accelerator Client <-> FortiGate (Half-mode) SSL accelerator

Web server cluster

NAT Router

FortiGate unit SSL accelerator

Client <-> FortiGate <-> Server (Full-mode) SSL accelerator

Configuring SSL offloading also requires selecting a certificate to use for the SSL offloading sessions. The certificate key size must be 1024 or 2048 bits. 4096-bit keys are not ed. The following CLI command shows an example half mode HTTPS SSL offloading configuration. In the example the ssl-mode option sets the SSL offload mode to half (which is the default mode). config firewall vip edit Vserver-ssl-offload set type server-load-balance set server-type https set ldb-method round-robin set extip 172.20.120.30


30



set extintf wan1 set extport 443 set persistence ssl-session-id set ssl-mode half set ssl-certificate my-cert set monitor t-mon-1 config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.31.101.30 set port 443 next edit 2 set ip 10.31.101.40 set port 443 end end

Additional SSL load balancing options The following SSL load balancing and SSL offloading options are only available from the CLI: ssl-client-session-state-max <sessionstates_int>

Enter the maximum number of SSL session states to keep for the segment of the SSL connection between the client and the FortiGate unit. ssl-client-session-state-timeout

Enter the number of minutes to keep the SSL session states for the segment of the SSL connection between the client and the FortiGate unit. ssl-client-session-state-type {both | client | disable | time}

Select which method the FortiGate unit should use when deciding to expire SSL sessions for the segment of the SSL connection between the client and the FortiGate unit. l

both: Select to expire SSL session states when either ssl-client-session-state-max or ssl-clientsession-state-timeout is exceeded, regardless of which occurs first.

l

count: Select to expire SSL session states when ssl-client-session-state-max is exceeded.

l

disable: Select to keep no SSL session states.

l

time: Select to expire SSL session states when ssl-client-session-state-timeout is exceeded. ssl-dh-bits

Enter the number of bits of the prime number used in the Diffie-Hellman exchange for RSA encryption of the SSL connection. Larger prime numbers are associated with greater cryptographic strength. ssl-http-location-conversion {enable | disable}

Select to replace http with https in the reply’s Location HTTP header field. For example, in the reply, Location: http://example.com/ would be converted to Location: https://example.com/ ssl-http-match-host {enable | disable}

Select to apply Location conversion to the reply’s HTTP header only if the host name portion of Location matches the request’s Host field, or, if the Host field does not exist, the host name portion of the request’s URI. If disabled, conversion occurs regardless of whether the host names in the request and the reply match. For example, if host matching is enabled, and a request contains Host: example.com and the reply contains Location: http://example.cc/, the Location field does not match the host of the original request and the reply’s Location field remains unchanged. If the reply contains Location: http://example.com/,

31




however, then the FortiGate unit detects the matching host name and converts the reply field to Location: https://example.com/. This option appears only if ssl-http-location-conversion is enable. ssl-max-version {ssl-3.0 | tls-1.0}

Enter the maximum version of SSL/TLS to accept in negotiation. ssl-min-version {ssl-3.0 | tls-1.0}

Enter the minimum version of SSL/TLS to accept in negotiation. ssl-send-empty-frags {enable | disable}

Select to precede the record with empty fragments to thwart attacks on CBC IV. You might disable this option if SSL acceleration will be used with an old or buggy SSL implementation which cannot properly handle empty fragments. ssl-server-session-state-max <sessionstates_int>

Enter the maximum number of SSL session states to keep for the segment of the SSL connection between the server and the FortiGate unit. ssl-server-session-state-timeout

Enter the number of minutes to keep the SSL session states for the segment of the SSL connection between the server and the FortiGate unit. This option appears only if ssl-mode is full. ssl-server-session-state-type {both | count | disable | time}

Select which method the FortiGate unit should use when deciding to expire SSL sessions for the segment of the SSL connection between the server and the FortiGate unit. This option appears only if ssl-mode is full. l

both: Select to expire SSL session states when either ssl-server-session-state-max or ssl-serversession-state-timeout is exceeded, regardless of which occurs first.

l

count: Select to expire SSL session states when ssl-server-session-state-max is exceeded.

l

disable: Select to keep no SSL session states.

l

time: Select to expire SSL session states when ssl-server-session-state-timeout is exceeded.

SSL offloading or Internet Explorer 6 In some cases the Internet Explorer 6 web browser may be able to access real servers. To resolve this issue, disable the ssl-send-empty-frags option: config firewall vip edit vip_name set ssl-send-empty-frags disable end

You can disable this option if SSL acceleration will be used with an old or buggy SSL implementation that cannot properly handle empty fragments.

Selecting the cipher suites available for SSL load balancing You can use the following command to view the complete list of cipher suites available for SSL offloading: config firewall vip edit set type server-load-balance set server-type https set ssl-algorithm custom config ssl-cipher-suites


32



edit 0 set cipher ?

In most configurations the matching cipher suite is automatically selected but you can limit the set of cipher suites that are available for a given SSL offloading configuration. For example, use the following command to limit an SSL load balancing configuration to use the three cipher suites that ChaCha20 and Poly1305: config firewall vip edit set type server-load-balance set server-type https set ssl-algorithm custom config ssl-cipher-suites edit 1 set cipher TLS-ECDHE-RSA-WITH-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256 next edit 2 set cipher TLS-ECDHE-ECDSA-WITH-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256 next edit 3 set cipher TLS-DHE-RSA-WITH-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256 end end

Disabling SSL/TLS re-negotiation The vulnerability CVE-2009-3555 affects all SSL/TLS servers that re-negotiation. FortiOS when configured for SSL/TLS offloading is operating as a SSL/TLS server. The IETF is working on a TLS protocol change that will fix the problem identified by CVE-2009-3555 while still ing re-negotiation. Until that protocol change is available, you can use the ssl-client-renegotiation option to disable for SSL/TLS re-negotiation. The default value of this option is allow, which allows an SSL client to renegotiate. You can change the setting to deny to abort any attempts by an SSL client to renegotiate. If you select deny as soon as a ClientHello message indicating a re-negotiation is received from the client FortiOS terminates the T connection. Since SSL offloading does not requesting client certificates the only circumstance in which a renegotiation is required is when more than 2^32 bytes of data are exchanged over a single handshake. If you are sure that this volume of traffic will not occur then you can disable re-negotiation and avoid any possibility of the attack described in CVE-2009-3555. The re-negotiation behavior can be tested using OpenSSL. The OpenSSL s_client application has the feature that the can request that it do renegotiation by typing “R”. For example, the following shows a successful renegotiation against a FortiGate unit configured with a VIP for 192.168.2.100:443: $ openssl s_client -connect 192.168.2.100:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=1 /C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] error:num=19:self signed certificate in certificate chain return:0 --Certificate chain 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Fortigate/CN=FW80CM3909604325/emailAdd [email protected] i:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate

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Authority/CN=/ [email protected] 1 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] i:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] --Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-------certificate not shown-------END CERTIFICATE----subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Fortigate/CN=FW80CM3909604325/em [email protected] issuer=/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] --No client certificate CA names sent --SSL handshake has read 2370 bytes and written 316 bytes --New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Server public key is 1024 bit Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Session-ID: 02781E1E368DCCE97A95396FAA82E8F740F5BBA96CF022F6FEC3597B0CC88095 Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: A6BBBD8477A2422D56E57C1792A4EA9C86F37D731E67D0A66E5CDB2B5C76650780C0E7F01CFF851EC44661 86F4C48397 Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1264453027 Timeout : 300 (sec) return code: 19 (self signed certificate in certificate chain) --GET /main.c HTTP/1.0 R RENEGOTIATING depth=1 /C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] error:num=19:self signed certificate in certificate chain return:0 HTTP/1.0 200 ok Content-type: text/plain /* * Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Fortinet */ #include <stdio.h> #include "vsd_ui.h"


34



int main(int argc, char **argv) { return vsd_ui_main(argc, argv); } closed $

The following is the same test, but this time with the VIP configuration changed to ssl-clientrenegotation deny: $ openssl s_client -connect 192.168.2.100:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=1 /C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] error:num=19:self signed certificate in certificate chain return:0 --Certificate chain 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Fortigate/CN=FW80CM3909604325/emailAdd [email protected] i:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] 1 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] i:/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] --Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-------certificate not shown-------END CERTIFICATE----subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Fortigate/CN=FW80CM3909604325/em [email protected] issuer=/C=US/ST=California/L=Sunnyvale/O=Fortinet/OU=Certificate Authority/CN=/ [email protected] --No client certificate CA names sent --SSL handshake has read 2370 bytes and written 316 bytes --New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Server public key is 1024 bit Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Session-ID: 8253331D266DDE38E4D8A04AFCA9CBDED5B1134932CE1718EED6469C1FBC7474 Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: ED05A3EF168AF2D06A486362FE91F1D6CAA55CEFC38A3C36FB8BD74236BF2657D4701B6C1456CEB5BB5EFA A7619EF12D Key-Arg : None

35




Start Time: 1264452957 Timeout : 300 (sec) return code: 19 (self signed certificate in certificate chain) --GET /main.c HTTP/1.0 R RENEGOTIATING 19916:error:1409E0E5:SSL routines:SSL3_WRITE_BYTES:ssl handshake failure:s3_pkt.c:530:

Use the following command to check the SSL stats to see that the renegotiations blocked counter is now 1: diagnose firewall vip virtual-server stats ssl ssl client connections total 0 active 0 max 0 handshakes total 4 active 0 max 0 completed 4 abbreviated 0 session states total 4 active 4 max 4 cipher-suite failures 0 embryonics total 0 active 0 max 0 terminated 0 renegotiations blocked 1 server connections total 0 active 0 max 0 handshakes total 3 active 0 max 0 completed 2 abbreviated 1 session states total 1 active 1 max 1 cipher-suite failures 0 internal error 0 bad handshake length 0 bad change cipher spec length 0 pubkey too big 0 persistence find 0 found 0 clash 0 addr 0 error 0

If the virtual server debug log is examined (diagnose debug appl vs -1) then at the point the re-negotiation is blocked there is a log: vs ssl 12 handshake recv ClientHello vs ssl 12 handshake recv 1 (0100005403014b5e056c7f573a563bebe0258c3254bbaff7046a461164f34f94f4f3d019c418000026 00390038003500160013000a00330032002f00050004001500120009001400110008000600030201000 00400230000) vs ssl 12 client renegotiation attempted rejected, abort vs ssl 12 closing 0 up vs src 12 close 0 in vs src 12 error closing vs dst 14 error closing vs dst 14 closed vs ssl 14 close vs sock 14 free vs src 12 closed vs ssl 12 close vs sock 12 free


36

IP, T, and UDP load balancing


IP, T, and UDP load balancing You can load balance all IP, T or UDP sessions accepted by the security policy that includes a load balancing virtual server with the type set to IP, T, or UDP. Traffic with destination IP and port that matches the virtual server IP and port is load balanced. For these protocol-level load balancing virtual servers you can select a load balance method and add real servers and health checking. However, you can’t configure persistence, HTTP multiplexing and SSL offloading.

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Load balancing configuration examples

Example HTTP load balancing to three real web servers

Load balancing configuration examples Example HTTP load balancing to three real web servers In this example, a virtual web server with IP address 192.168.37.4 on the Internet, is mapped to three real web servers connected to the FortiGate unit dmz1 interface. The real servers have IP addresses 10.10.123.42, 10.10.123.43, and 10.10.123.44. The virtual server uses the First Alive load balancing method. The configuration also includes an HTTP health check monitor that includes a URL used by the FortiGate unit for get requests to monitor the health of the real servers. Connections to the virtual web server at IP address 192.168.37.4 from the Internet are translated and load balanced to the real servers by the FortiGate unit. First alive load balancing directs all sessions to the first real server. The computers on the Internet are unaware of this translation and load balancing and see a single virtual server at IP address 192.168.37.4 rather than the three real servers behind the FortiGate unit.

Virtual server configuration example

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Web-based manager configuration Use the following procedures to configure this load balancing setup from the web-based manager.


38



To add an HTTP health check monitor In this example, the HTTP health check monitor includes the URL “/index.html” and the Matched Phrase “Fortinet products”. 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Health Check. 2. Select Create New. 3. Add an HTTP health check monitor that sends get requests to http:// /index.html and searches the returned web page for the phrase “Fortinet products”. Name

HTTP_health_chk_1

Type

HTTP

Port

80

URL

/index.html

Matched Content

Fortinet products

Interval

10 seconds

Timeout

2 seconds

Retry

3

4. Select OK.

To add the HTTP virtual server 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Virtual Servers. 2. Select Create New. 3. Add an HTTP virtual server that allows s on the Internet to connect to the real servers on the internal network. In this example, the FortiGate wan1 interface is connected to the Internet.

39

Name

Load_Bal_VS1

Type

HTTP

Interface

wan1



Virtual Server IP


192.168.37.4 The public IP address of the web server. The virtual server IP address is usually a static IP address obtained from your ISP for your web server. This address must be a unique IP address that is not used by another host and cannot be the same as the IP address of the external interface the virtual IP will be using. However, the external IP address must be routed to the selected interface. The virtual IP address and the external IP address can be on different subnets. When you add the virtual IP, the external interface responds to ARP requests for the external IP address.

Virtual Server Port

80

Load Balance Method

First Alive

Persistence

HTTP cookie

HTTP Multiplexing

Select. The FortiGate unit multiplexes multiple client into a few connections between the FortiGate unit and each real HTTP server. This can improve performance by reducing server overhead associated with establishing multiple connections.

Preserve Client IP

Select The FortiGate unit preserves the IP address of the client in the XForwarded-For HTTP header.

Health Check

Move the HTTP_health_chk_1 health check monitor to the Selected list.

4. Select OK.

To add the real servers and associate them with the virtual server 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Real Servers. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure three real servers that include the virtual server Load_Bal_VS1. Each real server must include the IP address of a real server on the internal network. Configuration for the first real server. Virtual Server

Load_Bal_VS1

IP Address

10.10.10.42

Port

80

Weight

Cannot be configured because the virtual server does not include weighted load balancing.


40


Maximum Connections


0 Setting Maximum Connections to 0 means the FortiGate unit does not limit the number of connections to the real server. Since the virtual server uses First Alive load balancing you may want to limit the number of connections to each real server to limit the traffic received by each server. In this example, the Maximum Connections is initially set to 0 but can be adjusted later if the real servers are getting too much traffic.

Configuration for the second real server. Virtual Server

Load_Bal_VS1

IP Address

10.10.10.43

Port

80

Weight


Maximum Connections


Configuration for the third real server. Virtual Server

Load_Bal_VS1

IP Address

10.10.10.44

Port

80

Weight


Maximum Connections


To add the virtual server to a security policy Add a wan1 to dmz1 security policy that uses the virtual server so that when s on the Internet attempt to connect to the web server’s IP address, packets through the FortiGate unit from the wan1 interface to the

41




dmz1 interface. The virtual IP translates the destination address of these packets from the virtual server IP address to the real server IP addresses. 1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure the security policy: Policy Type

Firewall

Policy Subtype

Address

Incoming Interface

wan1

Source Address

all (or a more specific address)

Outgoing Interface

dmz1

Destination Address

Load_Bal_VS1

Schedule

always

Service

HTTP

Action

ACCEPT

Log Allowed Traffic

Select to log virtual server traffic

Enable NAT

Select this option and select Use Destination Interface Address.

4. Select other security policy options as required. 5. Select OK.

CLI configuration Use the following procedure to configure this load balancing setup from the CLI.

To configure HTTP load balancing 1. Use the following command to add an HTTP health check monitor that sends get requests to http:// /index.html and searches the returned web page for the phrase “Fortinet products”. config firewall ldb-monitor edit HTTP_health_chk_1 set type http set port 80 set http-get /index.html set http-match “Fortinet products” set interval 10 set timeout 2 set retry 3 end

2. Use the following command to add an HTTP virtual server that allows s on the Internet to connect to the real servers on the internal network. In this example, the FortiGate wan1 interface is connected to the Internet. config firewall vip edit Load-Bal_VS1 set type server-load-balance


42

Example Basic IP load balancing configuration


set server-type http set ldb-method first-alive set http-multiplex enable set http-ip-header enable set extip 192.168.37.4 set extintf wan1 set extport 80 set persistence http-cookie set monitor HTTP_health_chk_1 config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.10.10.42 set port 80 next edit 2 set ip 10.10.10.43 set port 80 next edit 3 set ip 10.10.10.44 set port 80 end end

3. Use the following command to add a security policy that includes the load balance virtual server as the destination address. config firewall policy edit 0 set srcintf wan1 set srcaddr all set dstintf dmz1 set dstaddr Load-Bal_VS1 set action accept set schedule always set service ALL set nat enable end

Configure other security policy settings as required.

Example Basic IP load balancing configuration This example shows how to add a server load balancing virtual IP that load balances all traffic among 3 real servers. In the example the Internet is connected to port2 and the virtual IP address of the virtual server is 192.168.20.20. The load balancing method is weighted. The IP addresses of the real servers are 10.10.10.1, 10.10.10.2, and 10.10.10.3. The weights for the real servers are 1, 2, and 3. The default weight is 1 and does not have to be changed for the first real server. config firewall vip edit All_Load_Balance set type server-load-balance set server-type ip set extintf port2 set extip 192.168.20.20 set ldb-method weighted

43



Example Adding a server load balance port forwarding virtual IP

config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.10.10.1 next edit 2 set ip 10.10.10.2 set weight 2 next edit 3 set ip 10.10.10.3 set weight 3 end end

Example Adding a server load balance port forwarding virtual IP In this example, a virtual web server with IP address 192.168.37.4 on the Internet, is mapped to three real web servers connected to the FortiGate unit dmz1 interface. The real servers have IP addresses 10.10.123.42, 10.10.123.43, and 10.10.123.44. The virtual server uses the First Alive load balancing method. Each real server accepts HTTP connections on a different port number. The first real server accepts connections on port 8080, the second on port 8081, and the third on 8082. The configuration also includes an HTTP health check monitor that includes a URL used by the FortiGate unit for get requests to monitor the health of the real servers. Connections to the virtual web server at IP address 192.168.37.4 from the Internet are translated and load balanced to the real servers by the FortiGate unit. First alive load balancing directs all sessions to the first real server. The computers on the Internet are unaware of this translation and load balancing and see a single virtual server at IP address 192.168.37.4 rather than the three real servers behind the FortiGate unit.


44

Example Adding a server load balance port forwarding virtual IP


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19

To complete this configuration, all of the steps would be the same as in Example HTTP load balancing to three real web servers on page 38 except for configuring the real servers.

To add the real servers and associate them with the virtual server Use the following steps to configure the FortiGate unit to port forward HTTP packets to the three real servers on ports 8080, 8081, and 8082. 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Real Servers. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure three real servers that include the virtual server Load_Bal_VS1. Each real server must include the IP address of a real server on the internal network and have a different port number. Configuration for the first real server. Virtual Server

Load_Bal_VS1

IP

10.10.10.42

Port

8080

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Configuration for the second real server.

45



Example Weighted load balancing configuration

Virtual Server

Load_Bal_VS1

IP

10.10.10.43

Port

8081

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Configuration for the third real server. Virtual Server

Load_Bal_VS1

IP

10.10.10.44

Port

8082

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Example Weighted load balancing configuration This example shows how to using firewall load balancing to load balances all traffic among 3 real servers. In the example the Internet is connected to port2 and the virtual IP address of the virtual server is 192.168.20.20. The load balancing method is weighted. The IP addresses of the real servers are 10.10.10.1, 10.10.10.2, and 10.10.10.3. The weights for the real servers are 1, 2, and 3. This configuration does not include a health check monitor.

Web-based manager configuration Use the following procedures to configure this load balancing setup from the web-based manager.

To add the HTTP virtual server 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Virtual Servers. 2. Select Create New. 3. Add an IP virtual server that allows s on the Internet to connect to the real servers on the internal network. In this example, the FortiGate port2 interface is connected to the Internet. Name

HTTP_weghted_LB

Type

IP

Interface

port2

Virtual Server IP

192.168.20.20

Load Balance Method

Weighted


46



All other virtual server settings are not required or cannot be changed. 4. Select OK.

To add the real servers and associate them with the virtual server 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Real Servers. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure three real servers that include the virtual server All_Load _Balance. Because the Load Balancing Method is Weighted, each real server includes a weight. Servers with a greater weight receive a greater proportion of forwarded connections, Configuration for the first real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_weghted_LB

IP Address

10.10.10.1

Port

Cannot be configured because the virtual server is an IP server.

Weight

1

Maximum Connections


Configuration for the second real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_weghted_LB

IP Address

10.10.10.2

Port


Weight

2

Maximum Connections


Configuration for the third real server.

47




Virtual Server

HTTP_weghted_LB

IP Address

10.10.10.3

Port


Weight

3

Maximum Connections


To add the virtual server to a security policy Add a port2 to port1 security policy that uses the virtual server so that when s on the Internet attempt to connect to the web server’s IP address, packets through the FortiGate unit from the wan1 interface to the dmz1 interface. The virtual IP translates the destination address of these packets from the virtual server IP address to the real server IP addresses. 1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure the security policy: Policy Type

Firewall

Policy Subtype

Address

Incoming Interface

port2

Source Address

all (or a more specific address)

Outgoing Interface

port1

Destination Address

HTTP_weghted_LB

Schedule

always

Service

ALL

Action

ACCEPT

Enable NAT




48

Example HTTP and HTTPS persistence configuration


CLI configuration Load balancing is configured from the CLI using the config firewall vip command and by setting type to server-load-balance. The default weight is 1 and does not have to be changed for the first real server. Use the following command to add the virtual server and the three weighted real servers. config firewall vip edit HTTP_weghted_LB set type server-load-balance set server-type ip set extintf port2 set extip 192.168.20.20 set ldb-method weighted config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.10.10.1 next edit 2 set ip 10.10.10.2 set weight 2 next edit 3 set ip 10.10.10.3 set weight 3 end end

Example HTTP and HTTPS persistence configuration This example shows how to add a virtual server named HTTP_Load_Balance that load balances HTTP traffic using port 80 and a second virtual server named HTTPS_Load_Balance that load balances HTTPS traffic using port 443. The Internet is connected to port2 and the virtual IP address of the virtual server is 192.168.20.20. Both server load balancing virtual IPs load balance sessions to the same three real servers with IP addresses 10.10.10.2, 10.10.10.2, and 10.10.10.3. The real servers provide HTTP and HTTPS services. For both virtual servers, persistence is set to HTTP Cookie to enable HTTP cookie persistence.

To add the HTTP and HTTPS virtual servers 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Virtual Servers. 2. Add the HTTP virtual server that includes HTTP Cookie persistence.

49

Name

HTTP_Load_Balance

Type

HTTP

Interface

port2

Virtual Server IP

192.168.20.20



Virtual Server Port


80 In this example the virtual server uses port 8080 for HTTP sessions instead of port 80.

Load Balance Method

Static

Persistence

HTTP cookie

3. Select OK. 4. Select Create New. 5. Add the HTTPs virtual server that also includes HTTP Cookie persistence. Name

HTTPS_Load_Balance

Type

HTTPS

Interface

port2

Virtual Server IP

192.168.20.20

Virtual Server Port

443

Load Balance Method

Static

Persistence

HTTP cookie

6. Select OK.

To add the real servers and associate them with the virtual servers 1. Go to Policy & Objects > Real Servers. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure three real servers for HTTP that include the virtual server HTTP_Load_Balance. Configuration for the first HTTP real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_Load_Balance

IP Address

10.10.10.1

Port

80

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Configuration for the second HTTP real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_Load_Balance

IP Address

10.10.10.2


50



Port

80

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Configuration for the third HTTP real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_Load_Balance

IP Address

10.10.10.3

Port

80

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

4. Configure three real servers for HTTPS that include the virtual server HTTPS_Load_Balance. Configuration for the first HTTPS real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_Load_Balance

IP Address

10.10.10.1

Port

443

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Configuration for the second HTTPS real server. Virtual Server

HTTP_Load_Balance

IP Address

10.10.10.2

Port

443

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

Configuration for the third HTTPS real server.

51

Virtual Server

HTTPS_Load_Balance

IP Address

10.10.10.3




Port

443

Weight


Maximum Connections

0

To add the virtual servers to security policies Add a port2 to port1 security policy that uses the virtual server so that when s on the Internet attempt to connect to the web server’s IP address, packets through the FortiGate unit from the wan1 interface to the dmz1 interface. The virtual IP translates the destination address of these packets from the virtual server IP address to the real server IP addresses. 1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy. 2. Select Create New. 3. Configure the HTTP security policy: Policy Type

Firewall

Policy Subtype

Address

Incoming Interface

port2

Source Address

all

Outgoing Interface

port1

Destination Address

HTTP_Load_Balance

Schedule

always

Service

HTTP

Action

ACCEPT

Enable NAT


4. Select other security policy options as required. 5. Select OK. 6. Select Create New. 7. Configure the HTTP security policy: Policy Type

Firewall

Policy Subtype

Address

Incoming Interface

port2

Source Address

all

Outgoing Interface

port1

Destination Address

HTTPS_Load_Balance


52



Schedule

always

Service

HTTPS

Action

ACCEPT

Enable NAT



CLI configuration: adding persistence for a specific domain Load balancing is configured from the CLI using the config firewall vip command and by setting type to server-load-balance. For the CLI configuration, both virtual servers include setting http-cookie-domain to .example.org because HTTP cookie persistence is just required for the example.org domain. First, the configuration for the HTTP virtual IP: config firewall vip edit HTTP_Load_Balance set type server-load-balance set server-type http set extport 8080 set extintf port2 set extip 192.168.20.20 set persistence http-cookie set http-cookie-domain .example.org config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.10.10.1 next edit 2 set ip 10.10.10.2 next edit 3 set ip 10.10.10.3 end end

Second, the configuration for the HTTPS virtual IP. In this configuration you don’t have to set extport to 443 because extport is automatically set to 443 when server-type is set to https. config firewall vip edit HTTPS_Load_Balance set type server-load-balance set server-type https set extport 443 set extintf port2 set extip 192.168.20.20 set persistence http-cookie set http-cookie-domain .example.org config realservers edit 1 set ip 10.10.10.1

53




next edit 2 set ip 10.10.10.2 next edit 3 set ip 10.10.10.3 end end


54

Copyright© 2015 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®, FortiCare® and FortiGuard®, and certain other marks are ed trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other Fortinet names herein may also be ed and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. In no event does Fortinet make any commitment related to future deliverables, features, or development, and circumstances may change such that any forward-looking statements herein are not accurate. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations,and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.

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