Cognitive Learning Theory Presss 264t60
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Cognitive learning theory Constructive learning theory Presented by Habiba rehman Ambrin komal
11/5/2019
1
By the end of this unit, the learners will be able to: Define cognition Define cognitive development Discuss jean piaget theory of cognitive development Define the key Discuss theory of constructivism
11/5/2019
2
What is Cognition? The term cognition is derived from the Latin word "cognito" which means "to know" or "to recognize" or "to conceptualize". Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses."
11/5/2019
3
Cognitive Development Cognitive Development is the emergence of the ability to think and understand. It is the process by which people's thinking changes across the life span. Piaget studied Cognitive Development by observing children in particular, to examine how their thought processes changed with age.
11/5/2019
4
11/5/2019
5
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
A Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget beliefs that humans cannot be given information that they immediately understood and use.
Instead human being must build their own knowledge and meaning through experiences.
Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development.
11/5/2019
6
How Cognitive Development occurs? • •
•
The essential development of cognition is the establishment of new schemes. Assimilation and Accommodation are both the processes of the ways of Cognitive Development. The equilibration is the symbol of a new stage of the Cognitive Development.
11/5/2019
7
11/5/2019
8
11/5/2019
9
Key Concepts Piaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world” These “understandings” are in the form of structures he called schemas Schemas are Concepts or mental frameworks that child use to organize and interpret information. A person’s “picture of the world”
11/5/2019
10
11/5/2019
11
Assimilation
It is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation. Here, the learner fits the new idea into what he already knows .In Assimilation, the schema is not changed, it is only modified.
11/5/2019
12
Accommodation Interpreting a new experience by adapting or changing one’s existing schemas The new experience is so novel the person’s schemas must be changed to accommodate it
11/5/2019
13
11/5/2019
14
Equilibrium As a child progresses through the stages of cognitive development, it is important to maintain a balance between applying previous knowledge ( assimilation) and changing behavior to for new knowledge (accommodation). Equilibrium helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought to the next
11/5/2019
15
11/5/2019
16
Sensori motor Stage (birth – 2) • •
•
Information is gained directly through the senses and motor actions. In this stage child perceives and manipulates but does not reason Object permanence is acquired - the understanding that an object continues to exist even if it can’t be seen.
11/5/2019
17
Preoperational Stage (2–7 years)
The word operations refers to logical, mental activities thus, the preoperational stage is a prelogical stage Children can understand language but not logic.
Symbolic thought
Centration
Egocentrism
conservation
Irreversibility 11/5/2019
18
Cont…
Symbolic thought ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.
Centration tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation, usually a perceptual aspect, and ignore other relevant aspects of the situation. For example, a child may complain that there is little ice cream left in a big bowl. 11/5/2019
19
Cont… Irreversibility refers to the inability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition. For example, during this stage, a child understands that a favorite ball that deflates is not gone but can be filled with air again and put back into play.
11/5/2019
20
Egocentrism
The child’s inability to take another person’s point of view Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. According to Piaget, the egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does. •
11/5/2019
21
Cont… Conservation An understanding that certain properties remain constant despite changes in their form Lack the concept of conservation - which holds that two equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted The properties can include mass, volume, and numbers. 11/5/2019
22
11/5/2019
23
Concrete Operational Stage (7–12 years)
Ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations
Child can now understand conservation
Less egocentric
Inability to reason abstractly
Decentration
Classification 11/5/2019
24
Formal Operational Stage (age 12 – adulthood) The ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodological way. The child's way of thinking is at its most advanced, although the knowledge it has to work with, will change Develops skills such as logical thought, reasoning and planning. Abstract thinking
11/5/2019
25
11/5/2019
26
Contribution to Education Piaget's theory helped educators, parents and investigators to comprehend the capacity of children in their different stages. He made us conscious with the way children and adults think. A lot of school programs have been redesigned taking as base Piaget's discoveries. students should be taught according to their level.
11/5/2019
27
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTIVISM? Constructivism is basically a theory based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. Originators and important contributors include Vygotsky, Piaget, Dewey,Vico, Rorty, and Bruner.
11/5/2019
28
11/5/2019
29
Piaget's theory of constructivism
It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.
11/5/2019
30
Cont.. • • •
Learner constructs information. New information linked to prior knowledge. Learner is not a blank slate.
11/5/2019
31
The 5E Model • •
The 5 E's is an instructional model based on the constructivist approach to learning Each of the 5 E’sdescribe a phase of learning, and each phase begins with the letter "E":
11/5/2019
32
11/5/2019
33
Engage
This phase might include helping them make connections between their preexisting knowledge base and the new ideas that will come down in the lesson or unit.
11/5/2019
34
Explore
After engage comes explore, in which students carry out hands-on activities. Through their experiments or other interactions with the material, they deepen their understanding of the content.
11/5/2019
35
Explain •
•
Once they’ve explored, students attempt to explain what they have learned and experienced. They define the necessary vocabulary and connect their findings to prior knowledge.
11/5/2019
36
Elaborate students elaborate on their understanding, applying what they’ve learned to new situations to deepen their skills. Elaborate, the students expand on the concepts they have learned, make connections to other related concepts, and apply their understandings to the world around them.
11/5/2019
37
Evaluate
In this stage encourage learners to assess their understanding and abilities and lets teachers evaluate students' understanding of key concepts and skill development.
11/5/2019
38
Social Development Theory (Lev Vygotsky) Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory is the work of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) Vygotsky has developed a sociocultural approach to cognitive development Social Development Theory argues that social interaction precedes development
11/5/2019
39
Cont… People construct their knowledge, not only from direct personal experience, but also from being told by others and by being shaped through social experience and interaction. Vygotsky’s theory is comprised of concepts such as culture-specific tools, language and the Zone of Proximal Development.
11/5/2019
40
11/5/2019
41
The more knowledgeable other The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. Like our teacher ,elder ,peers.
11/5/2019
42
Zone of proximal distance
The ZPD is the distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently. According to Vygotsky, learning occurred in this zone.
11/5/2019
43
Social interaction
He states: “Every function in the child’s culturaldevelopment appears twice: first, on the social level and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child(intrapsychological).
11/5/2019
44
11/5/2019
45
Reference Berk, L. E. (2004). Development throughout the Lifespan (3rd ed.). Boston: Ally and Bacon. www.very well mind . Com/ piagets theory. Bastable,S. Nurse as Educator, 2nd edition Boston: Jones and Bartlett 2005
11/5/2019
46
11/5/2019
47
11/5/2019
48
11/5/2019
1
By the end of this unit, the learners will be able to: Define cognition Define cognitive development Discuss jean piaget theory of cognitive development Define the key Discuss theory of constructivism
11/5/2019
2
What is Cognition? The term cognition is derived from the Latin word "cognito" which means "to know" or "to recognize" or "to conceptualize". Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses."
11/5/2019
3
Cognitive Development Cognitive Development is the emergence of the ability to think and understand. It is the process by which people's thinking changes across the life span. Piaget studied Cognitive Development by observing children in particular, to examine how their thought processes changed with age.
11/5/2019
4
11/5/2019
5
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
A Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget beliefs that humans cannot be given information that they immediately understood and use.
Instead human being must build their own knowledge and meaning through experiences.
Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development.
11/5/2019
6
How Cognitive Development occurs? • •
•
The essential development of cognition is the establishment of new schemes. Assimilation and Accommodation are both the processes of the ways of Cognitive Development. The equilibration is the symbol of a new stage of the Cognitive Development.
11/5/2019
7
11/5/2019
8
11/5/2019
9
Key Concepts Piaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world” These “understandings” are in the form of structures he called schemas Schemas are Concepts or mental frameworks that child use to organize and interpret information. A person’s “picture of the world”
11/5/2019
10
11/5/2019
11
Assimilation
It is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation. Here, the learner fits the new idea into what he already knows .In Assimilation, the schema is not changed, it is only modified.
11/5/2019
12
Accommodation Interpreting a new experience by adapting or changing one’s existing schemas The new experience is so novel the person’s schemas must be changed to accommodate it
11/5/2019
13
11/5/2019
14
Equilibrium As a child progresses through the stages of cognitive development, it is important to maintain a balance between applying previous knowledge ( assimilation) and changing behavior to for new knowledge (accommodation). Equilibrium helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought to the next
11/5/2019
15
11/5/2019
16
Sensori motor Stage (birth – 2) • •
•
Information is gained directly through the senses and motor actions. In this stage child perceives and manipulates but does not reason Object permanence is acquired - the understanding that an object continues to exist even if it can’t be seen.
11/5/2019
17
Preoperational Stage (2–7 years)
The word operations refers to logical, mental activities thus, the preoperational stage is a prelogical stage Children can understand language but not logic.
Symbolic thought
Centration
Egocentrism
conservation
Irreversibility 11/5/2019
18
Cont…
Symbolic thought ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.
Centration tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation, usually a perceptual aspect, and ignore other relevant aspects of the situation. For example, a child may complain that there is little ice cream left in a big bowl. 11/5/2019
19
Cont… Irreversibility refers to the inability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition. For example, during this stage, a child understands that a favorite ball that deflates is not gone but can be filled with air again and put back into play.
11/5/2019
20
Egocentrism
The child’s inability to take another person’s point of view Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. According to Piaget, the egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does. •
11/5/2019
21
Cont… Conservation An understanding that certain properties remain constant despite changes in their form Lack the concept of conservation - which holds that two equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted The properties can include mass, volume, and numbers. 11/5/2019
22
11/5/2019
23
Concrete Operational Stage (7–12 years)
Ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations
Child can now understand conservation
Less egocentric
Inability to reason abstractly
Decentration
Classification 11/5/2019
24
Formal Operational Stage (age 12 – adulthood) The ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodological way. The child's way of thinking is at its most advanced, although the knowledge it has to work with, will change Develops skills such as logical thought, reasoning and planning. Abstract thinking
11/5/2019
25
11/5/2019
26
Contribution to Education Piaget's theory helped educators, parents and investigators to comprehend the capacity of children in their different stages. He made us conscious with the way children and adults think. A lot of school programs have been redesigned taking as base Piaget's discoveries. students should be taught according to their level.
11/5/2019
27
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTIVISM? Constructivism is basically a theory based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. Originators and important contributors include Vygotsky, Piaget, Dewey,Vico, Rorty, and Bruner.
11/5/2019
28
11/5/2019
29
Piaget's theory of constructivism
It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.
11/5/2019
30
Cont.. • • •
Learner constructs information. New information linked to prior knowledge. Learner is not a blank slate.
11/5/2019
31
The 5E Model • •
The 5 E's is an instructional model based on the constructivist approach to learning Each of the 5 E’sdescribe a phase of learning, and each phase begins with the letter "E":
11/5/2019
32
11/5/2019
33
Engage
This phase might include helping them make connections between their preexisting knowledge base and the new ideas that will come down in the lesson or unit.
11/5/2019
34
Explore
After engage comes explore, in which students carry out hands-on activities. Through their experiments or other interactions with the material, they deepen their understanding of the content.
11/5/2019
35
Explain •
•
Once they’ve explored, students attempt to explain what they have learned and experienced. They define the necessary vocabulary and connect their findings to prior knowledge.
11/5/2019
36
Elaborate students elaborate on their understanding, applying what they’ve learned to new situations to deepen their skills. Elaborate, the students expand on the concepts they have learned, make connections to other related concepts, and apply their understandings to the world around them.
11/5/2019
37
Evaluate
In this stage encourage learners to assess their understanding and abilities and lets teachers evaluate students' understanding of key concepts and skill development.
11/5/2019
38
Social Development Theory (Lev Vygotsky) Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory is the work of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) Vygotsky has developed a sociocultural approach to cognitive development Social Development Theory argues that social interaction precedes development
11/5/2019
39
Cont… People construct their knowledge, not only from direct personal experience, but also from being told by others and by being shaped through social experience and interaction. Vygotsky’s theory is comprised of concepts such as culture-specific tools, language and the Zone of Proximal Development.
11/5/2019
40
11/5/2019
41
The more knowledgeable other The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. Like our teacher ,elder ,peers.
11/5/2019
42
Zone of proximal distance
The ZPD is the distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently. According to Vygotsky, learning occurred in this zone.
11/5/2019
43
Social interaction
He states: “Every function in the child’s culturaldevelopment appears twice: first, on the social level and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child(intrapsychological).
11/5/2019
44
11/5/2019
45
Reference Berk, L. E. (2004). Development throughout the Lifespan (3rd ed.). Boston: Ally and Bacon. www.very well mind . Com/ piagets theory. Bastable,S. Nurse as Educator, 2nd edition Boston: Jones and Bartlett 2005
11/5/2019
46
11/5/2019
47
11/5/2019
48
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